Fig. 7

Inhibition of AsP38 MAPK in A. stephensi increased midgut ROS levels and reduced mosquito survival. A. stephensi females were fed a saline solution containing either 10 μM BIRB796 or an equivalent volume of DMSO as a control and 10 midguts/group were collected 6 h post-feeding. a Representative images from confocal microscopy of MitoSOX Red stained midguts. Upper Panel: MitoSOX Red staining, scale bars = 20 μm; Middle Panel: DAPI staining scale bars = 20 μm; Lower Panel: Merged images, scale bars = 10 μm. b Graph of A. stephensi midgut mitochondrial superoxide levels as determined by Mitosox Red fluorescence staining. Data were analysed by Student’s t-test and are represented as means ± SEM, p-value is shown, n = 4. c Graph of midgut peroxide levels in A. stephensi fed with saline solution containing 2 mM paraquat with 10 μM BIRB796 or an equivalent volume of DMSO as a control at 6 h post-feeding. Data were analysed by Student’s t-test and represented as means ± SEM, p-value is shown, n = 3. d Representative survivorship curve from Table 2 of A. stephensi fed a saline solution with 1 mM paraquat supplemented with 10 μM BIRB796 or with an equivalent volume of DMSO as a control