Fig. 3

Minimum spanning TCS networks joining the 19 S. mansoni cox1 Yemeni haplotypes from this study with other haplotypes from 14 countries within sub-Saharan Africa from Webster et al. [15]. Each line between haplotypes represents a single bp change and small circles between lines represent unsampled or extinct haplotypes. Connecting group 6 with group 4 was done based on a connection limit of 20–30 nucleotide differences. Majority of Yemeni isolates were grouped closely to coastal Kenya and Zambia (group 4) while five haplotypes were linked with more complicated network to Niger, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Mali, Oman, Egypt and Kenya (group 1). Four haplotypes divided equally between Zambia ZA2 (group 5) and central Africa, Cameron, Niger and Nigeria (group 2). Yemeni haplotypes linked African haplotypes with long branches within four groups