Table 1 Categories of risk factors for bovine cysticercosis represented in Fig. 5
From: Epidemiology, impact and control of bovine cysticercosis in Europe: a systematic review
Abbreviation | Risk factor | Subcategories included |
|---|---|---|
AP | Access to pastures | Grazing - organic |
Grazing - conventional (i.e. non-organic) | ||
Grazing next to streams with single outlets (without direct access to water) | ||
Grazing next to streams with sewage effluent (without direct access to water) | ||
ARW | Access to risky water sources | Free access to surface water (rivers, lakes, canals) |
Proximity of wastewater effluent (<200 m) | ||
Access to risky water with sewage treatment plant effluent in proximitya | ||
Access to risky water with no sewage treatment plant effluent in proximitya | ||
Drinking from streams with sewage outlets from single households | ||
Flooding of pastures | ||
CF | Access to contaminated feed | Feeding of freshly harvested grass on stable to dairy cows |
Purchased roughage | ||
Sewage sludge spread on own land | ||
Dairy | Dairy animals | Dairy as production type |
Female | Being female | Being female |
Organic | Organic farming | Organic farming |
SM/C | Sharing machinery or hiring contractors | Use of machinery (that had been used for emptying septic tanks) for spreading liquid animal manure |
Sharing machinery or hiring contractors | ||
Spreading of liquid manure (with machinery that had been used for emptying septic tanks) partially done by contractors | ||
Defecation | Proximity to uncontrolled human defecation | Car park in the proximity of grazing areas |
Leisure activities in the proximity of grazing areas | ||
Railway line in the proximity of grazing areas | ||
Distance to camping site ≤ 100 m | ||
Visits | Having visitors on farm | Having visitors on farm |