Fig. 4

Changes in the time budgets of flea-infested and flea-free juvenile and adult rodent hosts. Mean (±SE) standardized changes between post- and pre-experimental days in time allocated to resting, feeding, grooming, and performing other activities by flea-free (white) and flea-infested (grey) juvenile and adult Meriones crassus. Standardized changes are measured as the proportion of differences in time allocated to each behavior (min) between post- and pre-experimental days to the time allocated in the pre-experimental day