Fig. 5

Null model for a behavior-mediated effect of fleas on oxygen consumption. Mean (±SE) differences between observed and expected standardized changes in O₂ consumption rates (ml ⋅ g^− 1 ⋅ min^− 1) between post- and pre-experimental days by flea-free (white) and flea-infested (grey) juvenile and adult Meriones crassus. Standardized changes are measured as the proportion of differences in consumption between post- and pre-experimental days to the consumption in the two pre-experimental days. Expected changes are based solely on behavioral changes due to flea effects (see section 2.3)