Fig. 1

Effect of different doses of NeemAzal ® on An. coluzzii and G. p. gambiensis fly blood-feeding. a An. coluzzii feeding rates, expressed as the proportion (+95 % CI) of engorged mosquitoes out of the total number exposed to the blood-meal (3 experimental replicates were conducted involving a total of 1918 mosquito females). Mosquitoes received blood supplemented with NeemAzal ® at doses of 0 μg/ml (i.e. control group consisting of blood supplemented with DMSO solvent only), 500 μg/ml (NA500), 1000 μg/ml (NA1000) and 2000 μg/ml (NA2000). b Mean repletion score (0 to 4) (+ SEM) of tsetse flies exposed to NeemAzal ® concentrations similar to that of mosquitoes (2 experimental replicates, in total 480 flies were examined). c Mean repletion score (0 to 4) of flies exposed to NeemAzal ® concentrations reduced by a factor of ten (1 experimental replicate, in total 240 were flies examined). d Mean repletion score (0 to 4) of flies exposed to NeemAzal® concentrations reduced by a factor of 40 (6 experimental replicates, totally 1440 flies examined). Numbers in bars indicate the sample size for each dose. Different letters above the bars denote statistically significant differences based on post-hoc multiple pair-wise comparisons