Antigen | Location in adult worm | Identity/Function | Immunization strategy | Adjuvant | Host | Worm burden reduction (%) | Liver egg burden reduction (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paramyosin (sj97) | Schistosomulum surface, tegument and acetabular glands | Binds complement and Fc region of IgG; proposed role in host immune evasion | Recombinant proteins | Alum or TiterMax | Pig | 33–34 | – | [108] |
Sj26GST | Parenchymal region of male worm and in the parenchymal cells between the vitelline glands in the female worm | Catalyses detoxification of lipophilic molecules by thioconjugation | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 30 | 45 | |
26-kDaGST + IL-18 | – | – | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 49 | 51 |  |
SjGP-3 (Sj26GST + PmyF3 (fragment of paramyosin)) | – | – | Polyvalent subunit | CFA | Mouse | 41–38 | 26–29 | |
rPRV/Sj26-KDaGST+ SjFABP | – | – | Recombinant pseudorabies virus | – | Mouse | 39 | 45 | |
Sheep | 48 | 51 | ||||||
Triose phosphate isomerise (SjTPI) | – | Glycolytic pathway enzyme |  |  |  |  |  | |
 - with codon optimiized version |  |  | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 50 | 57 | |
 - with SjTPI + heat-shock protein 70 |  |  | DNA vaccine | – | Water buffalo | 52 | 61 | |
 - with recombinant replication-defective adenoviral vectors |  |  | Replication defective adenoviral vector-based | – | Mouse | 54 | 52 | |
 - with prime-boost strategy |  |  | Adenoviral vectored prime and recombinant protein boost | Complete Freunds and Incomplete Freunds | Mouse | 72 | 72 | |
Thyroid hormone receptor beta (SjTHRβ) | – | Interacts with thyroid hormone to modulate growth, development and differentiation, and metabolic processes | Recombinant protein | Montanide ISA 206 | Mouse | 27 | 29 | [110] |
S. japonicum fatty acid binding protein (SjFABP) | Whole body, cytosolic | Uptake, transports and compartmentalizes the fatty acids of the host | DNA vaccine | – |  |  |  | |
 - with IL-18 |  |  |  |  | Mouse | 38 | 45 |  |
 - with Sj26GST |  |  |  |  | Mouse | 32 | 25 | |
Twenty-three kilo dalton integral membrane protein (Sj23) with different adjuvants | Surface-exposed | Facilitates parasite immune regulation | Recombinant protein | Freunds | Mouse | 59 | – | [83] |
ISA206 | Mouse | 26 | – | |||||
ISA70M | Mouse | 54 | – | |||||
Tetravalent DNA vaccine (SjFABP. Sj23/Sj26.SjGAPDH) | – | – | DNA vaccine | – | Mouse | 71 | 61 | [84] |
Cocktail DNA with EP and protein vaccines (Sj23+ SjCTPI+ CDR3) | – | – | DNA vaccine boosted with recombinant protein | Complete Freunds | Mouse | 59 | 67 | [85] |
Protein disulfide (SjPDI) isomerase | Tegument as well as other specialized excretory/secretory (ES)organs | Enzyme involved in disulfide bond formation and rearrangement and it interfere with the host immune | Recombinant protein | Montanide ISA 206 VG | Mouse | 38 | 33 | [111] |
Responses | ||||||||
S. japonicum inhibitor apoptosis protein using adenovirus as live vaccine vector (Ad-SjIAP) |  | Involved in differentiation and development | With recombinant adenoviral vector | – | Mouse | 38 | 32 | [112] |
Aldose reductase (SjAR) | Gynecophoral canal of adult male worms | Involved in antioxidant defence system | Recombinant protein | Freunds | Mouse | 33 | 28 | [113] |
S. japonicum Sj-F1 (using S. gordonii as live vector) (Sj-F1) | Gene discovered when adult S. japonicum worm cDNA library was screened with by serum prepared against female S. japonicum antigens | Unknown | With S. gordonii as live vector | – | Mouse | 21 | 35 | [114] |