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Table 2 Association of infection with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides with community proportion of households with latrines in use and household ownership of latrine in use among children aged 6 to 15 years in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2011–2014

From: Association of community sanitation usage with soil-transmitted helminth infections among school-aged children in Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Infection

Sanitation measure

 

Crudea

DAG-basedb

Fullc

aPR

95% CI

aPR

95% CI

aPR

95% CI

Hookworm

Community

≥ 80%

0.80

0.54–1.18

1.21

0.82–1.80

1.19

0.81–1.77

% Households with latrines in use per cluster

60– < 80%

0.67

0.46–0.98

1.05

0.70–1.56

1.03

0.70–1.52

40– < 60%

0.77

0.51–1.16

1.01

0.69–1.50

0.99

0.68–1.44

20– < 40%

0.69

0.46–1.03

0.88

0.59–1.32

0.87

0.59–1.29

< 20%

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Household

       

Latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

1.00

0.91–1.08

No latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

Ref

 

T. trichiura

Community

≥ 80%

4.12

1.80–9.42

3.56

1.39–9.14

3.70

1.40–9.76

% Households with latrines in use per cluster

60– < 80%

2.82

1.23–6.48

2.50

1.01–6.21

2.50

1.02–6.14

40– < 60%

2.08

0.96–4.53

2.01

0.90–4.49

2.10

0.95–4.63

20– < 40%

0.91

0.39–2.12

0.89

0.38–2.08

0.89

0.39–2.05

< 20%

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Household

       

Latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

0.93

0.78–1.11

No latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

Ref

 

A. lumbricoides

Community

≥ 80%

2.48

1.58–3.90

2.33

1.42–3.84

2.35

1.37–4.01

% Households with latrines in use per cluster

60– < 80%

2.02

1.28–3.19

1.81

1.12–2.92

1.80

1.09–2.98

40– < 60%

1.47

0.98–2.21

1.45

0.98–2.16

1.44

0.95–2.16

20– < 40%

1.62

1.02–2.58

1.49

1.01–2.20

1.47

0.99–2.18

< 20%

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

Household

       

Latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

1.01

0.89–1.14

No latrine in use

 

–

–

–

–

Ref

 
  1. Models for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris included data on 9818 children in 574 communities. Models for hookworm included data on 9812 children in 574 communities
  2. Abbreviations: aPR adjusted prevalence ratio, CI confidence interval. Results weighted to account for unequal probabilities of selection
  3. aCrude model only controlled for survey round
  4. bDAG-based model was adjusted for elevation; population density; community mean total of wealth indicators per household; soil moisture; and survey round
  5. cFull model for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris adjusted for age; sex; anthelmintic treatment; bathing water source < 30 min; improved drinking water source; household owns: radio, television, mobile phone, iron roof, and has access to electricity; household education; elevation; soil moisture; community mean total of wealth indicators per household; population density; and survey round. Full model for hookworm adjusted for the same covariates in addition to shoe wearing.