Table 2 A summary of some larvicidal compounds derived from plants
Plant | Active compound | Dosage at LC50 | Mosquito species | Published source | Mode of action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non volatiles | |||||
Ricinus communis | Pyridone alkaloids | 0.18Â mg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [179] | Toxicity |
Tithonia diversifolia | Sesquisterpene lactones | 0.33Â mg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [179] | Toxicity |
Plumbago dawei | Plumbagin, β-sitosterol | 4.1 μg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [180] | Toxicity |
Azadirachtica indica | Azadirachtin, salanin, deacetylgedunin | 0.014–0.078 ppm | An. stephensi | [183] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Turraea abyssinica | Mzikonone, 1α-12α- diacetoxy-1,2-dihydro-7-deacetyl-3β-7α-dihydroxyazadiron, 12-α-acetoxy-7-deacetylazadiron | 265 ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [185] | Toxicity |
Turraea cornucopia | Mzikonone, 1α-12α- diacetoxy-1,2-dihydro-7-deacetyl-3β-7α-dihydroxyazadiron, 12-α-acetoxy-7-deacetylazadiron | 202 ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [185] | Toxicity |
Melia volkensii | Salannin, volkensin | 5.4Â mg/l | An. arabiensis | [186] | Toxicity |
Dysoxylum malaricum | 3β,24,25-trihydroxycycloartane | 2.5–6.5 ppm | An. stephensi | [187] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Dysoxylum beddomei | Beddomeilactone | 2.5–6.5 ppm | An. stephensi | [187] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Vitex payos | Stigmasterol, 20-hydroxyecdysone, γ-sitosterol | 0.25–10 ppm | An. gambiae (s.s) | [188] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Vitex schiliebenii | Stigmasterol, 20-hydroxyecdysone, γ-sitosterol | 0.25–10 ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [188] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Camellia sinensis (tea) | Proanthocyanidins | 5.52Â ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.), An. arabiensis | [189] | Toxicity and growth disruption |
Essential oils | |||||
Neem oil | Azadirachtin | 11Â ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [198] | Toxicity |
Cryptomeria japonica | Kau-16-rene, β-elemol | 5.55–134.84 μg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [199] | Toxicity |
Schinus terebinthifolia | δ-3-carene | 202.15–2,625.20 ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.), An. arabiensis | [200] | Toxicity |
Plectranthus amboinicus | Thymol, carvacrol | 55.20Â ppm | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [201] | Toxicity |
Ocimum canum | Tannins, phenol, saponin, alkaloid, steroid, flavonoids, triterpenoid | 49.51 × 10−3 mg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [202] | Toxicity |
Cinnamomum osmophloeum | Trans-cinnamaldehyde | 11.91–63.63 μg/ml | An. gambiae (s.s.) | [204] | Toxicity |
Zanthoxylum armatum | Monoterpenes | 58Â ppm | An. stephensi | [205] | Toxicity |
Trychyspermum ammi | Thymol | 80Â mg/ml | An. stephensi | [206] | Toxicity |