Table 1 Progress in morphological, behavioral, biochemical, bioassay, and genetic characterization of insecticide resistance mechanisms in bed bugs (Cimex spp.)
From: Insecticide resistance and resistance mechanisms in bed bugs, Cimex spp. (Hemiptera: Cimicidae)
Year | Characterization | Targets | Methods | Accession numbera | Resistance mechanisms | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C. lectularius | ||||||
2009 | Behavioral | – | Bioassay: SC | – | Behavioral resistance | [89] |
2009; 2015;2016 | Bioassay | P450s; esterases | Bioassay (SC/T) plus synergists (e.g. PBO, PBH, EN16/5–1) |  | Metabolic resistance: P450s, esterases | |
2008; 2011; 2016 | Biochemical | P450s; GSTs; esterases | Biochemical assays | – | Metabolic resistance: P450s, GSTs and esterases | |
2016 | Morphological | Cuticle | SEM | – | Penetration resistance | [95] |
2008 | Genetic | VGSC | Cloning and sequencing (RACE) | FJ031996; FJ031997 | Target site insensitivity: kdr | [156] |
2011 | Genetic | Transcriptome | 454 pyrosequencing (Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium platform) | SRA024509 | Metabolic resistance: P450s | [104] |
2011 | Genetic | Transcriptome | High-throughput sequencing (Roche 454 Titanium platform) | SRA043735 | Metabolic resistance: P450s, GSTs and esterases; Target site insensitivity: kdr | [113] |
2012 | Genetic | RNA-seq | Illumina high-throughput sequencing (GAII platform) | GSE31823 | Metabolic resistance: P450s, GSTs, ABC-transporters, esterases; Penetration resistance; Target site insensitivity: kdr | [92] |
2012 | Genetic | ClCPR | Cloning and sequencing (RACE) | JQ178363 | Metabolic resistance: P450s | [122] |
2012 | Genetic | ClAChE1; ClAChE2; ClSChE | Cloning and sequencing (RACE) | JN563927; GU597837;GU597838;GU597839 | – | [168] |
2013 | Genetic | CPRR | Data from NCBI | – | Penetration resistance | [94] |
2013 | Genetic | Transcriptome | 454 pyrosequencing (Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium platform) | – | Metabolic resistance: P450s, esterases, ABC-transporters; Penetration resistance; Target site insensitivity: kdr | [90] |
2016 | Genetic | Genome | Illumina high-throughput sequencing (Illumina HiSeq2000s) | SRS580017 | Metabolic resistance: P450s, esterases, ABC-transporters, GSTs; Penetration resistance; Target site insensitivity: kdr | [197] |
2016 | Genetic | Genome; RNA-seq | Illumina high-throughput sequencing | SRS749263; SRR1790655 | Target site insensitivity: kdr, putative GABA receptors; Metabolic resistance:P450s, GSTs, esterases | [93] |
C. hemipterus | ||||||
2011 | Bioassay | P450s | Bioassay (SC) plus PBO | – | Metabolic resistance: P450s | [129] |
2007 | Biochemical | P450s; GSTs; Esterases | Biochemical assays | – | Metabolic resistance: GSTs, and esterases | [56] |
2015 | Genetic | VGSC(Part) | Sanger sequencing | – | Target site insensitivity: kdr | [17] |