Table 4 Published reports of insecticide resistance and product efficacy in modern bed bugs (Cimex spp.), post 2000

2006

α-cypermethrin^a

SC

UK (3 field strains)

Resistant

–

[47]

2006

Bendiocarb^b

SC

UK (3 field strains)

Resistant

–

[47]

2006

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Arlington, VA)

Resistant

>300

[48]

2006

Chlorfenapyr^g

SC

Susceptible Harlan strain

Less effective

[48]

2007

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA: Cincinnati, OH(CIN1, CIN2, CIN3); Lexington, KY (LEX1)

Resistant

>12,765

[30]

2007

λ-cyhalothrin^a

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH[CIN1])

Resistant

>6123

[30]

2007

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Los Angeles, CA [LA2]; Kissimmee, FL[KIS1]; Vienna, VA[VIN1])

Resistant

–

[30]

2007

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Los Angeles, CA [LA1])

Susceptible

[30]

2008

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (New York City, NY [NY-BB])

Resistant

>250

[156]

2008

Bifenthrin^a

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

λ-cyhalothrin^a

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Permethrin^a

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Carbaryl^b

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Imidacloprid^c

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Fipronil^d

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Diazinon^e

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Lafayette)

Susceptible

[44]

2008

Diazinon^e

SC

USA (Arkansas: Carroll)

Resistant

–

[44]

2008

Dichlorvos^e

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Resistant

–

[44]

2008

Spinosad^f

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Resistant

–

[44]

2008

Chlorfenapyr^g

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Less effective

[44]

2008

DDT^h

SC

USA (Arkansas: Washington, Carroll, Lafayette)

Resistant

–

[44]

2008

Chlorfenapyr^g

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Less effective

[69]

2009

Pirimphos-methyl^e

T

Australia (Sydney strain)

Susceptible

2.6

[49, 52]

2009

Imidacloprid^c

T

Australia (Sydney strain)

Susceptible

2.6

[49, 52]

2009

Bendiocarb^b

T

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

250

[49, 52]

2009

Deltamethrin^a

T

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

370,000

[49, 52]

2009

Permethrin^a

T

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

1,235,000

[49, 52]

2009

Diazinon^e

T/SC

Australia (Sydney strain)

Effective

[50, 51]

2009

Pyrethrins^a

T/SC

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

–

[50, 51]

2009

β-cyfluthrin^a

T/SC

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

–

[50, 51]

2009

Tetramethrin^a

T/SC

Australia (Sydney strain)

Resistant

–

[50, 51]

2009

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH [CIN-1])

Resistant

>2588

[128]

2009

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Worcester, MA[WOR-1])

Resistant

>2588

[128]

2010

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (New York City, NY)

Resistant

>9375

[162]

2010

λ-cyhalothrin^a

SC

USA (New York City, NY)

Resistant

6990

[162]

2010

Chlorfenapyr^g

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH [CIN-1])

Effective

–

[65]

2010

Chlorfenapyr^g

SC

USA (Worcester, MA[WOR-1])

Effective

–

[65]

2010

Phenothrin^a

SC/T

Japan (four field strains)

Resistant

–

[280]

2010

Permetrhin^a

SC/T

Japan (four field strains)

Resistant

–

[280]

2010

Dichlorvos^e

SC/T

Japan (four field strains)

Susceptible

[280]

2010

Fenitrothion^e

SC/T

Japan (four field strains)

Susceptible

[280]

2010

Propoxur^b

SC/T

Japan (four field strains)

Susceptible

[280]

2010

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH; Lexington, KY; Troy, MI; Dover, NJ; Frankfort, KY; Kalamazoo, MI; Worcester, MA; Smithtown, Plainview, New York, NY)

Resistant

–

[157]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

IT

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

5167

[113]

2011

β-cyfuthrin^a

IT

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

111

[113]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

390.5

[281]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Resistant

>340

[281]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Arlington, VA: Kramer)

Resistant

339.6

[282]

2011

Permethrin^a

SC

USA (Arlington, VA: Kramer)

Resistant

>115.1

[282]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

390.5

[282]

2011

Permethrin^a

SC

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

>291.7

[282]

2011

DDT^h

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Dieldrin^h

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Bendiocarb^b

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Propoxur^b

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Malathion^e

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Fenitrothion^e

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Cyfluthrin^a

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Permethrin^a

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

β-cyhalothrin^a

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Etofenprox^a

SC

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Diazinon^e

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Fenobucarb^b

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Esfenvalerate^a

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Cypermethrin^a

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Bifenthrin^a

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Chlorfenapyr^g

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Fipronil^d

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Imidacloprid^c

Spray

Thailand (Chiang Mai)

Efficient

–

[12]

2011

Permethrin^a

T, SC

Denmark

Resistant

–

[53]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

Denmark

Resistant

–

[53]

2011

Chlorpyrifos^e

T, SC

Denmark

Effective

–

[53]

2012

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Columbus, OH)

Resistant

–

[92]

2012

Pyrethrins^a

T

USA(New Haven, CT)

Resistant

–

[283]

2012

Cyfluthrin^a

T

USA(New Haven, CT)

Resistant

–

[283]

2012

λ-cyhalothrin^a

T

USA(New Haven, CT)

Resistant

–

[283]

2012

cis-cypermethrin^a

T

USA(New Haven, CT)

Resistant

–

[283]

2012

Deltamethrin^a

T

USA(New Haven, CT)

Resistant

–

[283]

2012

Deltamethrin^a

T

USA (Cincinnati, OH [CIN-1], Plainview, NY [NY-1])

Resistant

–

[122]

2012

Neopynamine^a

SC

France (Paris)

Resistant

–

[158]

2012

Sumithrin^a

SC

France (Paris)

Resistant

–

[158]

2013

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (CIN-1)

Resistant

51

[90]

2013

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (CIN-1 S)

Resistant

32,700,000

[90]

2013

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (NY-1)

Resistant

>300

[90]

2013

Deltamethrin^a

T

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

>200,000

[94]

2013

β-cyfuthrin^a

T

USA (Richmond, VA)

Resistant

>160,000

[94]

2014

Deltamethrin^a

SC

Germany (Berlin)

Resistant

3.8–5.1

[159]

2014

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA: New York (Brooklyn)

Susceptible

–

[284]

2015

Imidacloprid^c/β-cyfluthrin^c

SC

USA (Richmond and Epic Center strains)

Resistant

E: 3–5;

FI: 121–493

[285]

2015

Acetamiprid^c/bifenthrin^a

SC

USA (Richmond and Epic Center strains)

Resistant

E: 39–1080;

FI: 99–1943

[285]

2015

Deltamethrin^a

SC

USA (Epic Center strain)

Resistant

392

[285]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Australia [NSW: Sydney (Abbotsford, Darlinghurst, North Parramatta, Northbridge, Redfern), Newcastle (Maryland); VIC: Melbourne (Ripponlea, South Yarra, Moonee Ponds), West Melbourne; WA: Perth (Cottesloe); NT: Alice springs; SA: Adelaide (Semaphore Park)]

Resistant

–

[16, 54]

2016

Imidacloprid^c

T

USA (Jersey City, NJ)

Susceptible

2.0

[64]

2016

Imidacloprid^c

T

USA (Troy, MI)

Resistant

462.6

[64]

2016

Imidacloprid^c

T

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Resistant

163.3

[64]

2016

Acetamiprid^c

T

USA (Jersey City, NJ)

Resistant

31.7

[64]

2016

Acetamiprid^c

T

USA (Troy, MI)

Resistant

>33,333

[64]

2016

Acetamiprid^c

T

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Resistant

>33,333

[64]

2016

Thiamethoxam^c

T

USA (Jersey City, NJ)

Susceptible

2.4

[64]

2016

Thiamethoxam^c

T

USA (Troy, MI)

Resistant

546

[64]

2016

Thiamethoxam^c

T

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Resistant

226.2

[64]

2016

Dinotefuran^c

T

USA (Jersey City, NJ)

Resistant

46.8

[64]

2016

Dinotefuran^c

T

USA (Troy, MI)

Resistant

198

[64]

2016

Dinotefuran^c

T

USA (Cincinnati, OH)

Resistant

358.6

[64]

2016

Deltamethrin^a

T

Australia: Parramatta(NSW), Alice Springs(NT) and Melbourne(VIC)

Resistant

–

[127]

2016

Deltamethrin^a

SC

Australia (Parramatta[NSW])

Resistant

–

[95]

2002

α-cypermethrin^a

SC

Tanzania

Resistant

–

[55]

2002

Permethrin^a

SC

Tanzania

Resistant

–

[55]

2007

DDT^h

SC

Sri Lanka

Resistant

–

[56]

2007

Malathion^e

SC

Sri Lanka

Resistant

–

[56]

2007

Propoxur^b

SC

Sri Lanka

Resistant

–

[56]

2007

Deltamethrin^e

SC

Sri Lanka

Resistant

–

[56]

2007

Permethrin^e

SC

Sri Lanka

Resistant

–

[56]

2011

λ-cyhalothrin^a

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Effective

–

[129]

2011

Bifentrin^a

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Effective

–

[129]

2011

Fenitrothion^e

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Effective

–

[129]

2011

Fipronil^d

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Effective

–

[129]

2011

Imidacloprid^c

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Effective

–

[129]

2011

DDT^h

SC

Malaysia (Kmelayu14); Singapore (Serangoon)

Resistant

–

[129]

2011

DDT^h

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Dieldrin^h

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Bendiocarb^b

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Propoxur^b

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Malathion^e

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Fenitrothion^e

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Cyfluthrin^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Deltamethrin^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Permethrin^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

λ-cyhalothrin^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Etofenprox^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Resistant

–

[12]

2011

Diazinon^e

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Fenobucarb^b

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Esfenvalerate^a

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Cypermethrin^a

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Bifenthrin^a

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Chlorfenapyr^g

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Fipronil^d

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Less effective

–

[12]

2011

Imidacloprid^c

Spray

Thailand (Bangkok, Chonburi, Phuket, Krabi)

Effective

–

[12]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Australia (North Queensland)

Resistant

>130

[17]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Australia (Sydney, [NSW]: Auburn)

Resistant

37

[17]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur)

Resistant

>130

[17]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Thailand (Bangkok, Chiang Mai)

Resistant

>130

[17]

2015

d-allethrin^a

SC

Africa (Kenya)

Resistant

30

[17]