Table 6 Nematode parasites of the golden jackal, Canis aureus
From: A synoptic overview of golden jackal parasites reveals high diversity of species
Family | Species (synonym) | Origin | Prevalence (%) | Frequency | Intensity | Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Phylum Nematoda | |||||||
Class Chromadorea | |||||||
Ancylostomatidae | Ancylostoma sp. | Indiaa | na | 3/3 | na | CO | [182] |
na | 5/5 | na | CO | [183] | |||
31.6 | 19/60 | na | CO | [144] | |||
case report | 700 epg | CO | [184] | ||||
case report | na | CO | [47] | ||||
Irana | na | 2/2 | 10.5 epg | CO | [372] | ||
Ancylostoma/Uncinaria sp. | Bulgaria | 84.6 | na | na | necropsy | [141] | |
Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [135] | ||
India | na | 3/6 | na | CO | [185] | ||
Iran | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | ||
Serbia | 33.3 | 20/60 | na | necropsy | [49] | ||
Tunisia | na | 5/5 | na | necropsy | [149] | ||
Ancylostoma braziliense b | India | na | na | na | na | [117] | |
Ancylostoma caninum | Azerbaijan | 17.3 | 17/98 | 1–20 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bangladesh | 46.6 | 14/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
Bulgaria | 54.5 | 6/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | ||
11.5 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | |||
Chechnya | 50.0 | 8/16 | 3–18 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Egypt | na | na | na | necropsy | [186] | ||
Greece | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
Hungary | 40.0 | 8/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India | na | na | na | na | [187] | ||
na | na | na | na | [143] | |||
na | na | na | na | [188] | |||
Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [189] | ||
100 | 12/12 | 100–400 epg | CO | [190] | |||
Iran | 100 | 20/20 | 27.1 | necropsy | [110] | ||
7.1 | 1/14 | 4 | necropsy | [136] | |||
2.5 | 2/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
case report | na | necropsy | [155] | ||||
3.5 | 2/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
Israel | 33.3 | 5/15 | na | necropsy | [146] | ||
76.0 | 13/17 | 50–800 epg | CO | [19] | |||
Russia | 52.2 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
5.0 | 3/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
12.0 | 18/150 | 3–265 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 0.2 | 1/447 | 2 | necropsy | [108] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 9.7 | 3/31 | 2–4 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
Ancylostoma guentini | India | na | na | na | necropsy | [191] | |
Placoconus lotoris (syn. Uncinaria lotoris)b | Russia | 16.6 | 2/12 | 4 | necropsy | [98] | |
Uncinaria stenocephala | Afghanistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [192] | |
Azerbaijan | 50.0 | 49/98 | 1–404 | necropsy | [99] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 64.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [237] | |||
45.4 | 5/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | |||
84.6 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | |||
Chechnya | 50.0 | 8/16 | 4–23 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Greece | na | 4/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
Hungary | 40.0 | 8/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Iran | 85.0 | 17/20 | 11.1 | necropsy | [110] | ||
6.3 | 5/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
Russia | 34.8 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [339] | |||
30.0 | 18/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
89.3 | 134/150 | 3–550 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 68.0 | 21/31 | 1–54 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | |||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Ascarididae | Baylisascaris devosi | Azerbaijan | 17.7 | 14/79 | 1–16 | necropsy | [99] |
Toxascaris sp. | Kazakhstan | 11.1 | 2/18 | 2–8 | necropsy | [147] | |
Toxascaris leonina | Afghanistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [192] | |
Armeniaa | case report | na | CO | [195] | |||
Azerbaijan | 0.8 | 1/114 | 1 | necropsy | [137] | ||
31.8 | 29/91 | 1–19 | necropsy | [99] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 36.0 | na | na | necropsy | [101] | ||
5.8 | na | na | necropsy | [141] | |||
Chechnya | 100 | 16/16 | 1–12 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Egypt | na | na | na | necropsy | [186] | ||
Hungary | 15.0 | 3/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Iran | 30.0 | 3/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | ||
Irana | na | 2/2 | 166.5 epg | CO | [372] | ||
Kazakhstan | 11.1 | 2/18 | 2–11 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Russia | 43.5 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
10.0 | 2/20 | 4.00 ± 3.14 | necropsy | [96] | |||
15.0 | 9/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [98] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
4.7 | 7/150 | 2–23 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 6.5 | 2/31 | 1–7 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [150] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Toxocara sp. | Indiaa | 21.6 | 13/60 | na | CO | [144] | |
na | na | na | CO | [196] | |||
na | 2/2 | 40–700 epg | CO | [197] | |||
na | 3/6 | na | CO | [185] | |||
Toxocara canis (syn. Belascaris marginata) | Azerbaijan | 32.6 | 32/98 | 1–21 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bangladesh | 40.0 | 12/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
na | 2/5 | na | CO | [118] | |||
Bulgaria | 54.5 | 6/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | ||
7.7 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | |||
Chechnya | 50.0 | 8/16 | 3–18 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Greece | na | 2/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
Hungary | 20.0 | 4/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
India (as B. marginata) | na | na | na | na | [187] | ||
na | na | na | na | [143] | |||
na | na | na | na | [112] | |||
Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [189] | ||
Iran | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [110] | ||
7.1 | 1/14 | 10 | necropsy | [136] | |||
10.0 | 1/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | |||
5.0 | 4/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
12.5 | 7/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
Irana | na | 2/2 | 25 ± 5 epg | CO | [372] | ||
Russia | 60.9 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
5.0 | 1/20 | 2.00 ± 2.13 | necropsy | [96] | |||
6.6 | 4/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [98] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
23.3 | 35/150 | 1–22 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 1.6 | 7/447 | 7.8 ± 2.1 | necropsy | [108] | ||
23.3 | 14/60 | na | necropsy | [49] | |||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Tunisia | 16.0 | 5/31 | 1–9 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [150] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Toxocara cati (syns Ascaris mystax, T. mystax)b | Italy | na | na | na | necropsy | [138] | |
Russia | 26.1 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
5.0 | 1/20 | 2.0 ± 1.9 | necropsy | [96] | |||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | ||
Crenosomatidae | Crenosoma vulpis | Azerbaijan | 14.6 | 12/82 | 1–19 | necropsy | [99] |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bangladesh | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [118] | ||
Chechnya | 100 | 16/16 | 10–23 | necropsy | [103] | ||
Hungary | 30.0 | 6/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Russia | 26.1 | n/a | na | necropsy | [97] | ||
10.0 | 6/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
na | na | na | necropsy | [107] | |||
12.0 | 18/150 | 6–297 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Crenosoma petrowi | Chechnya | 37.5 | 6/16 | 16–38 | necropsy | [103] | |
Diaphanocephalidae | Kalicephalus schadi fotedari b | India | na | na | na | necropsy | [198] |
Dracunculidae | Dracunculus medinensis | India | na | na | na | na | [112] |
Kazakhstan | 16.6 | 3/18 | 2–4 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Gnathostomatidae | Gnathostoma spinigerum | India, Bangladesh, Burma | na | na | na | na | [112] |
Bangladesh | 26.6 | 8/30 | na | necropsy | [134] | ||
Gongylonematidae | Gongylonema sp.b | Serbia | 0.4 | 2/447 | 1 | necropsy | [108] |
Metastrongylidae | Angiostrongylus vasorum | na | na | 1/1 | na | EI | [199] |
Hungary | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Molineidae | Molineus patens | Russia | 8.3 | 5/60 | na | necropsy | [106] |
26.0 | 39/150 | 3–104 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Onchocercidae | Acanthocheilonema reconditum (syn. Dipetalonema reconditum) | Bulgaria | 30.0 | 3/10 | na | K | [200] |
Kenya (as Dipetalonema reconditum) | na | na | na | na | [201] | ||
Dirofilaria immitis | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Bangladesh | na | 4/5 | na | necropsy | [118] | ||
Bulgaria | 8.9 | 5/56 | 2–16 | necropsy/K | [202] | ||
9.6 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | |||
70.0 | 7/10 | na | K | [200] | |||
37.5 | 122/325 | 1–19 | necropsy | [203] | |||
Greece | case report | 4 | necropsy | [204] | |||
Hungary | 7.4 | 2/27 | 1–10 | necropsy | [205] | ||
Indiaa | na | na | na | na | [206] | ||
Iran | 28.5 | 4/14 | 13 | necropsy | [136] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [207] | |||
11.4 | 9/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
1.7 | 1/56 | na | necropsy | [48] | |||
8.9 | 4/45 | 1–10 | necropsy, molecular | [208] | |||
Romania | 18.52 | 10/54 | 1–7 | necropsy | [209] | ||
9.26 | 5/54 | na | molecular | [209] | |||
Russia | 8.3 | 1/12 | 29 | necropsy | [98] | ||
8.3 | 5/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | |||
20.0 | na | na | necropsy | [339] | |||
22.7 | 34/150 | 2–23 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 7.3 | 32/437 | na | necropsy | [210] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | ||
Dirofilaria repens | Egypt | na | na | na | necropsy | [186] | |
Iran | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [110] | ||
Romania | 1.8 | 1/54 | na | molecular | [209] | ||
Russia | 3.3 | 2/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | ||
Oxyuridae | Syphacia sp.b | Kazakhstan | 5.5 | 1/18 | 7 | necropsy | [147] |
Physalopteridae | Physaloptera sp. | Iran | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] |
Kazakhstan | 5.5 | 1/18 | 4 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Physaloptera sibirica | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Kazakhstan | 11.1 | 2/18 | 1–3 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Rictulariidae | Rictularia sp. | Egypt | na | na | na | necropsy | [186] |
Greece | na | 1/5 | na | necropsy | [104] | ||
Rictularia affinis (syn. Pterygodermatites affinis) | Azerbaijan | 36.3 | 28/77 | 1–29 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 7.7 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | ||
India (as P. affinis) | na | na | na | na | [117] | ||
na | na | na | na | [188] | |||
na | na | na | na | [112] | |||
Iran | 50.0 | 5/10 | na | necropsy | [111] | ||
5.0 | 4/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | |||
Kazakhstan | 11.1 | 2/18 | 1–3 | necropsy | [147] | ||
Tunisia (as P. affinis) | 6.5 | 2/31 | 1 | necropsy | [140] | ||
Turkmenistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [177] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Rictularia cahirensis | Egypt | na | na | na | necropsy | [186] | |
Iran | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [110] | ||
Turkey | na | na | na | necropsy | [340] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
Spirocercidae | Spirocerca arctica | Azerbaijan | 16.6 | 2/12 | 5–14 | necropsy | [99] |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Spirocerca lupi (syn. Filaria sanguinolenta) | Azerbaijan | 23.4 | 23/98 | 1–29 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
India | case report | na | necropsy | [211] | |||
na | na | na | na | [112] | |||
Indiaa | case report | na | necropsy | [212] | |||
Iran | 2.5 | 2/79 | na | necropsy | [139] | ||
Italy (as F. sanguinolenta) | na | na | na | necropsy | [138] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
Spirocerca sanguinolenta | India | na | na | na | necropsy | [213] | |
Strongyloididae | Strongyloides sp. | Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [214] |
Irana | na | 2/2 | 5.5 ± 0.7 epg | CO | [372] | ||
Strongyloides stercoralis | Iran | na | na | na | necropsy | [105] | |
Subuluridae | Oxynema linstowi | Tunisia | 3.2 | 1/31 | 2 | necropsy | [140] |
Thelaziidae | Thelazia callipaeda | Romania | 1.6 | 1/64 | 70 | necropsy | [215] |
Class Enoplea | |||||||
Capillariidae | Capillaria sp. | Indiaa | na | na | na | CO | [214] |
Russia | 2.7 | 4/150 | 1–45 | necropsy | [53] | ||
Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Thominx aerophilus) | Azerbaijan (as T. aerophilus) | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Hungary | 5.0 | 1/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Russia | 8.3 | 5/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
37.3 | 56/150 | 1–6 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Capillaria boehmi | Russia | 30.0 | 45/150 | 1–11 | necropsy | [53] | |
Capillaria plica | Azerbaijan | 14.8 | 4/27 | 1–4 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bulgaria | 16.4 | na | na | necropsy | [45] | ||
Hungary | 45.0 | 9/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||
Russia | 11.6 | 7/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
33.3 | 50/150 | 1–123 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Capillaria putorii | Azerbaijan | na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |
Dioctophymatidae | Dioctophyme renale | Azerbaijan | 3.5 | 4/114 | 1 | necropsy | [137] |
Iran | 35.0 | 7/20 | na | necropsy | |||
Russia | 3.3 | 2/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [148] | ||
Uzbekistan | na | na | na | necropsy | [151] | ||
na | na | na | necropsy | [152] | |||
Dioctophyme skrjabini | Russia | 17.4 | na | na | necropsy | [97] | |
Trichinellidae | Trichinella sp. | Armenia | 33.3 | 5/15 | na | TRIC | [217] |
Azerbaijan | 30.1 | na | na | TRIC | [218] | ||
28.6 | na | na | TRIC | [219] | |||
Bulgaria | 50.0 | na | na | TRIC | [220] | ||
33.3 | 15/45 | na | TRIC | [221] | |||
21.2 | 7/33 | na | TRIC | [222] | |||
Croatia | na | na | na | AD | [102] | ||
Georgia | 80.0 | na | na | TRIC | [218] | ||
Romania | 53.7 | 29/54 | na | TRIC | [223] | ||
Russia | 14.3 | na | na | TRIC | [224] | ||
case report | na | AD | [225] | ||||
25.0 | 75/302 | na | TRIC | [226] | |||
case report | na | AD | [227] | ||||
Tajikistan | na | na | na | TRIC | [228] | ||
Thailand | case report | na | TRIC | [229] | |||
case report | na | TRIC | [230] | ||||
USSR (former) | 36.5 | na | na | TRIC | [231] | ||
Yugoslavia (former) | 25.0 | na | na | TRIC | [232] | ||
Trichinella britovi | Algeria | case report | na | PCR | [233] | ||
Azerbaijan | case report | na | AD | [234] | |||
Iran | 11.1 | 2/18 | na | AD, PCR | [235] | ||
Kazakhstan | na | na | na | TRIC | [234] | ||
Lithuania | na | 3/4 | 0.9–1.4 lpg | AD, PCR | [236] | ||
Romania | case report | 55 lpg | AD, PCR | [237] | |||
Serbia | 4.7 | 2/42 | na | AD, PCR | [238] | ||
15.4 | 2/13 | na | AD, PCR | [239] | |||
27.8 | 25/90 | 1.1–57.6 lpg | AD, PCR | [240] | |||
Turkmenistan | case report | na | AD | [234] | |||
Uzbekistan | case report | na | AD | [234] | |||
Trichinella nativa | Kazakhstan | 18.9 | 4/18 | 7 lpg | AD | [147] | |
Lithuania | n/a | 1/4 | 0.9–1.4 lpg | AD, PCR | [236] | ||
URSS (former) | 61.5 | na | na | TRIC | [241] | ||
Trichinella nelsoni | Iran | na | 2/2 | na | TRIC | [242] | |
Kazakhstan | 16.2 | 3/18 | 6 lpg | na | [147] | ||
Trichinella pseudospiralis | Russia | 2.7 | 4/150 | na | TRIC | [53] | |
Trichinella spiralis | Afghanistan | case report | 214 lpg | TRIC | [243] | ||
Azerbaijan | 20.4 | 17/83 | 1–7 lpg | TRIC | [244] | ||
21.1 | 25/114 | 1–22 lpg | TRIC | [137] | |||
17.5 | 16/91 | 1–44 lpg | TRIC | [99] | |||
Bulgaria | na | na | na | TRIC | [245] | ||
45.0 | na | na | TRIC | [101] | |||
40.0 | na | na | AD | [45] | |||
Georgia | 36.6 | na | na | TRIC | [246] | ||
Hungary | 9.0 | 1/11 | na | AD, PCR | [365] | ||
Iran | 60.3 | 38/63 | na | TRIC | [247] | ||
55.5 | 10/18 | na | TRIC | [248] | |||
na | 3/3 | na | TRIC | [249] | |||
55.7 | 59/106 | na | TRIC | [250] | |||
84.0 | na | na | TRIC | [251] | |||
Kazakhstan | 5.5 | 1/18 | 3 lpg | TRIC | [147] | ||
Russia | 43.5 | na | na | TRIC | [97] | ||
21.6 | 13/60 | na | TRIC | [106] | |||
55.3 | 83/150 | na | TRIC, AD | [53] | |||
Senegal | 33.0 | na | na | TRIC | [252] | ||
Serbia | na | 3/3 | 1.9–21.4 lpg | AD, PCR | [253] | ||
8.3 | 1/12 | 3 lpg | AD, PCR | [254] | |||
7.9 | 3/38 | 3 lpg | AD, PCR | [255] | |||
14.2 | 6/42 | na | AD, PCR | [238] | |||
38.4 | 5/13 | na | AD, PCR | [239] | |||
71.1 | 64/90 | 0.59–152.8 lpg | AD, PCR | [240] | |||
Tunisia | na | 2/2 | na | TRIC | [256] | ||
Trichuroididae | Trichuris sp. | Indiaa | 15.0 | 9/60 | na | CO | [144] |
Trichuris georgicus (syn. Trichocephalus georgicus) | Azerbaijan | 14.4 | 12/83 | 1–12 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Trichuris vulpis (syn. Trichocephalus vulpis) | Azerbaijan (as Trichocephalus vulpis) | 11.2 | 11/98 | 1–11 | necropsy | [99] | |
na | na | na | necropsy | [100] | |||
Bangladesh | na | 1/5 | na | CO | [118] | ||
Bulgaria | 30.7 | na | 1–156 | necropsy | [141] | ||
36.3 | 4/11 | na | necropsy | [142] | |||
Russia (as Trichocephalus vulpis) | 21.6 | 13/60 | na | necropsy | [106] | ||
35.3 | 53/150 | 1–70 | necropsy | [53] | |||
Serbia | 11.6 | 4/60 | na | necropsy | [49] | ||
Hungary | 10.0 | 2/20 | na | necropsy | [59] | ||