Fig. 1

Phylogenetic analysis of R. sanguineus (s.l.) ticks based on mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene. Sequences (400 bp) of R. sanguineus (s.l.) ticks from France, Senegal and Arizona were assembled by haplotypes and compared to sequences of R. sanguineus (s.l.) from different parts of the world. Identification and GenBank accession numbers are indicated for each sample. Countries or regions where individuals were isolated are also given in brackets. The Maximum Likelihood phylogenetic tree was constructed using the Hasegawa, Kishino and Yano method with bootstrap analysis of 1000 pseudoreplicates. Numbers on branches indicate support for each clade ≥ 75%. Subsequent analyses using Kimura’s two-parameter (K2P) distance and parsimony methods in the same conditions confirmed the topology of the tree (not shown)