Table 1 List of vertebrate hosts and reservoirs for trypanosome species in Panama

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Desmodus rotundus (Geoffroy, 1810)

vampire bat/vampiro común

T. hippicum

[9]

Former Panama Canal Zone (Panama)

UND

Artiodactyla

Bovidae

Bos taurus

Linnaeus, 1758

cattle/ganado vacuno

T. theileri

[10]

UND

UND

Carnivora

Canidae

Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758

dog/perro doméstico

T. cruzi

[17]

Former Panama Canal Zone (Panama)

Examination of blood by the thick film method; inoculation of guinea pigs, mice and rats with blood taken from infected dogs

Cingulata

Dasypodidae

Dasypus novemcinctus Peters, 1864

nine-banded armadillo/armadillo

T. cruzi

[17]

Arraiján (Panama), Patuga and Parita (Herrera)

Examination of blood by the thick film method

Didelphimorfia

Didelphidae

Didelphis marsupialis Linnaeus, 1758

opossum or black-eared opossum/zarigüeya común

T. cruzi, T. rangeli

[17, 24]

Chilibrillo Caves (Panama), Alhajuela (Panama), Parita and Patuga (Herrera)

Examination of blood by the thick film method

Rodentia

Sciuridae

Sciurus gerardi morulus Bangs, 1898

squirrel/ardilla

T. cruzi

[17]

Former Panama Canal Zone (Panama)

Examination of blood by the thick film method

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Hemiderma perspicillatum aztecum (Saussure, 1869)

short tail bat/murciélago de cola corta

T. cruzi

[17]

Chilibrillo Caves and Bella Vista (Panama)

Examination of blood by the thick film method; inoculation of laboratory animals

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Phyllostomus hastatus panamensis

Allen, 1904

spear-nosed bat/murciélago de nariz lanceolada

T. cruzi

[17]

Chilibrillo Caves (Panama)

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Uroderma bilobatum Peters, 1866

tent-making bat/murciélago de orejas

T. cruzi

[17]

Summit (Panama)

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Glossophaga soricina leachi Gray, 1844

pallas’s long-tongued bat/murciélago siricotero

T. cruzi

[17]

Bella Vista near Miraflores Locks (Panama)

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Atribeus jamaicensis jamaicensis

Leach, 1821

fruit bat/murciélago zapotero

T. cruzi

[17]

Summit Zoo (Panama)

Artiodactyla

Bovidae

Bos taurus

Linnaeus, 1758

cattle/ganado vacuno

T. vivax

[11]

Aguadulce (Coclé)

Examination of thick blood smears

Didelphimorfia

Didelphidae

Caluromys derbianus (Waterhouse, 1841)

derby’s woolly opossum/comadreja

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Examination of thick blood smears

Didelphimorfia

Didelphidae

Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758)

gray four-eyed opossum/zorra cuatro ojos

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Desmodus rotundus (Geoffroy, 1810)

vampire bat/vampiro común

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Chiroptera

Phyllostomidae

Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus, 1758)

seba’s short-tailed bat/murciélago carolia

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Primates

Cebidae

Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus, 1758)

white-fronted capuchin/mono cariblanco

T. cruzi, T. rangeli, T. minasense

[24] ^b

Alanje and Barú (Chiriquí), Darién and Panama

Examination of thick and thin blood smears stained with Giemsa;

inoculation into hemoculture tubes;

direct microscopical examination

Primates

Atelidae

Ateles fusciceps

Gray, 1866

black-headed spider monkey/yerre

T. cruzi

[24] ^b

Chepo, Panama and Darién

Primates

Callitrichidae

Saguinus geoffroyi (Pucheran, 1845)

the Panamanian, red-crested or rufous-naped tamarin/mono tití

T. cruzi, T. rangeli, T. minasense

[24, 90] ^b

Panama and Colón

Primates

Cebidae

Saimiri sciureus (Reinhardt, 1872)

common squirrel monkey/mono ardilla

T. cruzi

[24] ^b

Chiriquí

Primates

Cebidae

Alouatta villosa

(Gray, 1845)

red howler monkey/mono aullador

T. mycetae

b

La Chorrera, Chepo, Panama, Darien and Los Santos

Primates

Aotidae

Aotus trivirgatus (Humboldt, 1812)

three-striped night monkey/mono nocturno

T. sp.

b

La Chorrera, Capira, Arraiján, Panama, Colón and Darién

Pilosa

Myrmecophagidae

Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758)

collared anteater or lesser anteater/oso hormiguero

T. cruzi, T. rangeli, T. legeri

[24, 84]

Panama

Examination of fresh blood films; inoculation of culture media

Pilosa

Megalonychidae

Choleopus hoffmanni Peters, 1858

two-toed sloth/perezoso de dos dedos

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Examination of thick blood smears

Pilosa

Bradypodidae

Bradypus variegatus infuscatus

Wagler, 1831

three-toed sloth/perezoso de tres dedos

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Sciuridae

Sciurus granatensis Humboldt, 1811

red-tailed squirrel/ardilla colorada

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Echimyidae

Proechimys semispinosus

Tomes, 1860

tome’s spiny rat/mocangué

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Dasyproctidae

Dasyprocta punctata Gray, 1842

agouti or common agouti/neque

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Muridae

Rattus rattus

(Linnaeus, 1758)

black rat/rata negra de los tejados

T. cruzi

[24] ^b

UND

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Tylomys panamesis (Gray, 1873)

panamanian climbing rat/rata trepadora

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Echimyidae

Diplomys labilis (Bangs, 1901)

rufous tree rat/rata espinosa

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Carnivora

Procyonidae

Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766)

white-nosed coati/gato solo

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Carnivora

Procyonidae

Potos flavus

(Schreber, 1774)

kinkajou/cusumbi o mico de noche

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Carnivora

Procyonidae

Bassaricyon gabbii Allen, 1876

bushy-tailed olingo/olingo

T. cruzi

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Muridae

Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758^a

mouse/ratón

T. rangeli

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Muridae

Ratus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)^a

rat/rata

T. rangeli

[24]

UND

Rodentia

Cricetidae

Oryzomys capito (Olfers, 1818)

large-headed rice rat/rata arrocera

T. forattinii

[12]

Trinidad forest (Panama)

Examination of heart blood smears

Squamata

Phyllodactylidae

Tetradactylus rapicauda

(Houttuyn, 1782)

turnip-tailed gecko/gecko

T. thecadactyli

b

UND

Examination of toe blood smears or brachial artery stained using Giemsa technique