Table 2 Triatominae species found naturally infected and capable of transmitting T. cruzi and T. rangeli in Panama

Panstrongylus geniculatus

T. cruzi

[17]

Sylvatic species specialized on subterranean host habitats: caves, nests and tree holes. It has been associated with the armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)

UND

Chilibrillo caves [Panama]

Bat cave

Sylvatic

Examination of bug feces; inoculation of guinea pigs with macerated bugs; feeding bugs on guinea pigs (xenodiagnostic technique)

Rhodnius pallescens s.l.

T. cruzi

[92]; T. rangeli

[79]

Anthropic colonist species, invades both indoor and outdoor environments depending on ecological, enviromental and soci-economic conditions. It is strongly associated with species of palm trees, e.g. Attalea butyracea ^a and also Acrocomia spp.

Bradypodidae, Cracidae, Didelphidae, Echimyidae,

Myrmecophagidae, Sauria (Lizards), Sciuridae,

[100]

Aguas Buenas [Panama]

Inside house

Domestic

Feeding bugs on guinea pigs (xenodiagnostic technique)

Amphibia,

Canidae,

Cebidae,

Columbidae, Cracidae,

Cricetidae, Dasyproctidae, Didelphidae, Echimyidae,

Felidae,

Hominidae, Muridae,

Leporidae,

Phasianidae,

Psittacidae,

Reptilia,

Rallidae,

Suidae,

Strigidae (Sauria), [37]

Birds, dogs, humans, opossum, rats

[104]

Artiodactyla,

Carnivora,

Caudata,

Chiroptera,

Ciconiiformes, Falconiformes,

Galliformes,

Marsupialia, Passeriformes, Primata,

Rodentia, Squamata,

Xenarthra,

[50]

Eratyrus cuspidatus

T. cruzi

[93]

Sylvatic species rarely found near human habitations in rural areas

UND

Retiro Matias Hernandez [Panama]

Inside building

Domestic

Feeding bugs on guinea pigs (xenodiagnostic technique)

Triatoma dimidiata

T. cruzi

[94]

Sylvatic or semi-anthropic species found occasionally indoor, but mainly encountered around houses in domestic animal shelters

Accipitridae, Amphibia,

Ardeidae,

Bovidae,

Canidae,

Columbidae,

Cricetidae,

Felidae,

Hominidae, Leporidae,

Muridae,

Passeriformes, Phasianidae, Psittacidae,

[39]

Chorrera [Panama]

Inside house

Domestic

Feeding bugs on guinea pigs (xenodiagnostic technique)

Cavernicola pilosa

T. cruzi

[91]

Sylvatic species associated with the caves inhabited by various species of bats

UND

Panama City [Panama]

Bat cave

Sylvatic

–

Triatoma dispar

T. cruzi

[23]

Sylvatic species found in the canopy of mature old-growth type of forest

UND

Cerro Quia [Darien]

Forest canopy

Sylvatic

Examination of bug feces; inoculation of white mice with suspension of fecal material from bugs

Panstrongylus rufotuberculatus

T. cruzi

[24]

Sylvatic species, specializes on subterranean host habitats: caves, nests and tree holes. It is often found in pristine seasonal tropical rainforest forest

UND

Cerro Quia [Darien]

Forest canopy

Sylvatic

Examination of bug feces; inoculation of white mice with suspension of fecal material from bugs

Panstrongylus humeralis

T. cruzi

[25]

Sylvatic species that specializes on subterranean host habitats: caves, nests and tree holes. It has been found sporadically around houses in rural areas

UND

Bayano Lake [Panama]

Forest understory

Sylvatic

Inoculation of white mice with suspension of fecal material from bugs