Table 3 Prevalence of Trichinella spp. in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in European countries and comparison with the present study
Country | Sampling period | Samples (n) | Prevalence of Trichinella spp. (95% CI) (%) | Prevalence of Tn (total) (95% CI) (%) | Prevalence of Tb (total) (95% CI) (%) | Prevalence of Ts (total) (95% CI) (%) | Prevalence of Tp (total) (95% CI) (%) | Prevalence of mixed infections (95% CI) (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estonia | 2011–2012 | 87 | 69.0 (58.7–78.0) | 31.0 (22.0–41.3) | 35.6 (26.1–46.1) | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 0.0 (0.0–3.4) | 9.2 (4.4–16.7) | Present study |
Estonia | 2000–2002 | 446 | 40.6*** (36.1–45.2) | 16.6** (13.4–20.3) | 13.5*** (10.5–16.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 2.9*(1.6–4.8) | [4] |
Estonia | 1992–2000 | 21 | 42.9* (23.3–64.3) | 14.3 (3.8–34.1) | 28.6 (12.5–50.2) | 0.0 (0.0–13.3) | 0.0 (0.0–13.3) | 4.8 (0.2–21.3) | |
Austria | 1546 | 1.6*** (1.0–2.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | 1.6*** (1.0–2.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | [27] | |
Belgium | 1996–2000 | 818 | 0.0*** (0.0–0.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.4) | [28] |
Denmark | 1995–1996 | 3133 | 0.1*** (0.0–0.3) | [29] | |||||
Denmark | 1997–1998 | 3008 | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | [29] |
Finland | 1999–2005 | 1010 | 18.7*** (16.4–21.2) | [19] | |||||
Finland | 1996–1998 | 158 | 36.7*** (29.5–44.4) | [8] | |||||
France | 2006–2009 | 108 | 2.8*** (0.7–7.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–2.7) | 2.8*** (0.7–7.4) | 0.0 (0.0–2.7) | 0.0 (0.0–2.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–2.7) | [29] |
France | 2006–2008 | 74 | 0.0*** (0.0–4.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–4.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–4.0) | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.0 (0.0–4.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–4.0) | [31] |
Germany | 2011–2012 | 3154 | 0.3*** (0.2–0.6) | [25] | |||||
Germany | 2006–2007 | 100 | 1.0*** (0.1–4.8) | 0.0*** (0.0–3.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.0 (0.0–3.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–3.0) | [20] |
Hungary | 2008–2013 | 3304 | 2.1*** (1.6–2.6) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 1.8*** (1.4–2.3) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | [32] |
Hungary | 2007–2008 | 2116 | 1.7*** (1.2–2.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 1.4*** (1.0–2.0) | 0.2 (0.1–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | [33] |
Italy | 2010–2014 | 153 | 8.5*** (4.8–13.8) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.9) | 8.5*** (4.8–13.8) | 0.0 (0.0–1.9) | 0.0 (0.0–1.9) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.9) | [34] |
Italy | 2004–2014 | 480 | 5.0*** (3.3–7.2) | [35] | |||||
Italy | 2001–2004 | 229 | 3.1*** (1.3–6.0) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | 3.1*** (1.3–6.0) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | [36] |
Italy | 2001–2004 | 227 | 3.5*** (1.7–6.6) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | 3.5*** (1.7–6.6) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | [37] |
Italy | 1997–2003 | 172 | 1.2*** (0.2–3.8) | [38] | |||||
Ireland | 2002 | 454 | 0.9*** (0.3–2.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | 0.9 (0.3–2.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | [39] |
Latvia | 2010–2014 | 668 | 50.6** (46.8–54.4) | 1.5*** (0.8–2.7) | 40.9 (37.2–44.6) | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.4) | 1.0*** (0.5–2.1) | [22] |
Latvia | 2000–2002 | 1112 | 28.9*** (26.3–31.6) | 2.2*** (1.4–3.1) | 10.3*** (8.6–12.1) | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 1.3*** (0.7–2.1) | [4] |
Lithuania | 2001–2006 | 206 | 46.6*** (39.9–53.4) | [23] | |||||
Lithuania | 2000–2002 | 567 | 40.0*** (36.1–44.1) | 0.9*** (0.3–1.9) | 23.3* (19.9–26.9) | 4.8* (3.2–6.8) | 0.2 (0.0–0.9) | 3.2* (2.0–4.9) | [4] |
Netherlands | 2010–2013 | 369 | 0.3*** (0.0–1.3) | [40] | |||||
Netherlands | 1996–1997 | 276 | 4.0*** (2.1–6.8) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.1) | 4.0*** (2.1–6.8) | 0.0 (0.0–1.1) | 0.0 (0.0–1.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.1) | [41] |
Norway | 1994–1995, 2002–2005 | 393 | 4.8*** (3.0–7.3) | 4.6*** (2.8–7.0) | 0.3*** (0.0–1.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.0 (0.0–0.8) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.8) | [42] |
Poland | 2010–2015 | 1447 | 10.0*** (8.6–11.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | 7.2*** (5.9–8.6) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) | 0.1 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | [26] |
Poland | 2011–2012 | 1634 | 2.7*** (2.0–3.6) | 0.1*** (0.0–0.3) | 2.0*** (1.4–2.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.1*** (0.0–0.3) | [25] |
Portugal | 2008–2010 | 47 | 2.1*** (0.1–10.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–6.2) | 2.1*** (0.1–10.1) | 0.0 (0.0–6.2) | 0.0 (0.0–6.2) | 0.0*** (0.0–6.2) | [43] |
Romania | 2012–2014 | 121 | 21.5*** (14.9–29.5) | 0.0*** (0.0–2.4) | 19.8* (13.5–27.7) | 0.8 (0.0–4.0) | 0.0 (0.0–2.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–2.4) | [44] |
Romania | 2000–2005 | 71 | 7.0*** (2.6–14.9) | 0.0*** (0.0–4.1) | 5.6*** (1.8–13.0) | 1.4 (0.1–6.7) | 0.0 (0.0–4.1) | 0.0** (0.0–4.1) | [45] |
Serbia | 2009–2010 | 57 | 12.3*** (5.5–22.8) | 0.0*** (0.0–5.1) | 3.5*** (0.6–11.1) | 8.8** (3.3–18.4) | 0.0 (0.0–5.1) | 3.5 (0.6–11.1) | [46] |
Slovakia | 2000–2007 | 5270 | 11.5*** (10.7–12.4) | [47] | |||||
Slovakia | 2007 | 601 | 20.3*** (17.2–23.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.5) | 20.3*** (17.2–23.7) | 0.3 (0.1–1.1) | 0.2 (0.0–0.8) | 0.5*** (0.1–1.4) | [47] |
Slovakia | 2000–2006 | 4669 | 10.4*** (9.5–11.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | 8.3*** (7.6–9.2) | 0.1 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.1) | [48] |
Slovakia | 2000 | 545 | 6.1*** (4.3–8.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.5) | 6.1*** (4.3–8.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.5) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.5) | [47] |
Spain | – | 400 | 15.5*** (12.2–19.3) | 15.3*** (12.0–19.0) | [49] | ||||
Spain | 1997–1999 | 67 | 8.9*** (3.7–17.7) | [50] | |||||
Spain | 1985–1997 | 227 | 2.6*** (1.1–5.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | 1.8*** (0.6–4.2) | 0.9 (0.1–2.9) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–1.3) | [51] |
Spain | 1989–1993 | 84 | 1.2*** (0.1–5.7) | [52] | |||||
Sweden | 1985–2003 | 1800 | 4.5*** (3.6–5.5) | [53] | |||||
Switzerland | 2006–2007 | 1289 | 1.6*** (1.0–2.4) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | 1.6*** (1.0–2.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0 (0.0–0.2) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.2) | [54] |
United Kingdom (Great Britain) | 2003–2007 | 1144 | 0.0*** (0.0–0.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0 (0.0–0.3) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.3) | [55] |
United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) | 2003–2004; 2006–2007 | 443 | 0.2*** (0.0–1.1) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | 0.2 (0.0–1.1) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.0*** (0.0–0.7) | [56] |