Table 6 Comparison of changes in awareness and attitudes towards continued open defecation and latrine ownership as reported spontaneously from the household-based questionnaire between control and intervention communities
Awarness and attitude | Group | Proportion (%) in 2011 | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Proportion (%) in 2012 | OR (95% CI) | P-value | Change between 2011 and 2012 (McNemar’s test) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P-value | ||||||||
Problems associated with open defecation (n = 315), spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
Safety | Control | 51.90 | 1 | 28.48 | 1 | 0.30 (0.16–0.54) | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 56.05 | 1.18 (0.76–1.84) | 0.460 | 23.57 | 0.77 (0.47–1.28) | 0.321 | 0.23 (0.12–0.40) | < 0.001 | |
Hygiene | Control | 24.05 | 1 | 34.18 | 1 | 1.70 (0.99–2.97) | 0.056 | ||
Intervention | 26.11 | 1.12 (0.67–1.86) | 0.673 | 36.31 | 1.10 (0.69–1.74) | 0.693 | 1.55 (0.95–2.57) | 0.081 | |
No comfort | Control | 22.15 | 1 | 6.33 | 1 | 0.19 (0.07–0.47) | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 28.66 | 1.41 (0.85–2.35) | 0.185 | 8.28 | 1.34 (0.57–3.14) | 0.507 | 0.22 (0.09–0.46) | < 0.001 | |
Privacy | Control | 22.15 | 1 | 22.78 | 1 | 1.04 (0.57–1.90) | 1.000 | ||
Intervention | 5.73 | 0.21 (0.10–0.46) | < 0.001 | 11.46 | 0.44 (0.24–0.81) | 0.009 | 2.8 (0.95–9.93) | 0.064 | |
Pollutes environment | Control | 20.89 | 1 | 18.35 | 1 | 0.85 (0.47–1.54) | 0.672 | ||
Intervention | 20.38 | 0.97 (0.56–1.67) | 0.912 | 52.23 | 4.86 (2.92–8.10) | < 0.001 | 6.56 (3.23–15.04) | < 0.001 | |
Difficulties for elderly or sick people | Control | 9.49 | 1 | 1.90 | 1 | 0.14 (0.02–0.62) | 0.004 | ||
Intervention | 2.55 | 0.25 (0.08–0.77) | 0.016 | 1.91 | 1.01 (0.20–5.06) | 0.994 | 0.75 (0.11–4.43) | 1.000 | |
Visitors | Control | 5.06 | 1 | 8.23 | 1 | 1.83 (0.62–6.04) | 0.332 | ||
Intervention | 1.27 | 0.24 (0.05–1.16) | 0.076 | 5.10 | 0.60 (0.24–1.49) | 0.269 | 4.00 (0.80–38.67) | 0.109 | |
Abundance of flies/insects | Control | 2.53 | 1 | 20.25 | 1 | 8.00 (2.84–31.14) | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 5.73 | 2.34 (0.71–7.77) | 0.164 | 18.47 | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 0.689 | 3.86 (1.64–10.49) | < 0.001 | |
Drinking water quality | Control | 2.53 | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.25 (0.01–2.53) | 0.375 | ||
Intervention | 1.27 | 0.50 (0.09–2.75) | 0.423 | 0.64 | 1.01 (0.06–16.23) | 0.996 | 0.50 (0.01–9.61) | 1.000 | |
Reasons to possess a latrine (n = 89 in 2011, n = 249 in 2012, n = 69 with data for both years)a, spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
Comfort | Control | 44.12 | 1 | 8.22 | 1 | 0.05 (0.00–0.30) | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 33.33 | 0.63 (0.23–1.77) | 0.383 | 9.09 | 1.12 (0.42–2.98) | 0.825 | 0.00 (0.00–0.85) | 0.031 | |
Clean environment | Control | 32.35 | 1 | 31.51 | 1 | 0.80 (0.27–2.25) | 0.815 | ||
Intervention | 42.86 | 1.57 (0.58–4.27) | 0.379 | 46.02 | 1.85 (1.04–3.30) | 0.036 | 1.00 (0.13–7.47) | 1.000 | |
Safety | Control | 32.35 | 1 | 30.14 | 1 | 0.54 (0.18–1.45) | 0.263 | ||
Intervention | 28.57 | 0.84 (0.29–2.45) | 0.744 | 18.75 | 0.53 (0.29–1.00) | 0.051 | 1.00 (0.19–5.37) | 1.000 | |
Privacy | Control | 20.59 | 1 | 23.29 | 1 | 0.86 (0.27–2.76) | 1.000 | ||
Intervention | 19.05 | 0.91 (0.26–3.13) | 0.878 | 21.59 | 0.91 (0.47–1.74) | 0.769 | 1.67 (0.32–10.73) | 0.727 | |
Avoid diseases | Control | 19.12 | 1 | 38.36 | 1 | 2.50 (0.92–7.86) | 0.078 | ||
Intervention | 14.29 | 0.71 (0.18–2.76) | 0.616 | 39.77 | 1.06 (0.61–1.86) | 0.835 | 5.00 (0.56–236.49) | 0.219 | |
Easier for elderly or sick people | Control | 17.65 | 1 | 10.96 | 1 | 0.38 (0.06–1.56) | 0.227 | ||
Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 1.70 | 0.14 (0.04–0.55) | 0.005 | na | ||
Hygiene/Health | Control | 8.82 | 1 | 39.73 | 1 | 16.00 (2.49–670.96) | < 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 19.05 | 2.43 (0.62–9.61) | 0.205 | 28.41 | 0.60 (0.34–1.07) | 0.082 | 2.50 (0.41–26.25) | 0.453 | |
Visitors | Control | 8.82 | 1 | 13.70 | 1 | 1.40 (0.38–5.59) | 0.774 | ||
Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 9.09 | 0.63 (0.27–1.46) | 0.282 | na | na | |
Reason to practice open defecation (n = 349 for 2011, n = 188 for 2012, n = 149 with data for both years)a, spontaneously mentioned | |||||||||
No functional latrine on spot | Control | 77.71 | 1 | 72.79 | 1 | 0.91 (0.46–1.77) | 0.875 | ||
Intervention | 90.10 | 2.61 (1.43–4.78) | 0.002 | 41.46 | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | < 0.001 | na | < 0.001 | |
Traditional habit | Control | 22.93 | 1 | 10.88 | 1 | 0.25 (0.08–0.63) | 0.001 | ||
Intervention | 18.23 | 0.75 (0.44–1.26) | 0.279 | 7.32 | 0.65 (0.18–2.34) | 0.506 | 0.17 (0.02–0.75) | 0.013 | |
Comfort | Control | 4.46 | 1 | 2.04 | 1 | 0.40 (0.04–2.44) | 0.453 | ||
Intervention | 2.60 | 0.57 (0.18–1.84) | 0.350 | 0.00 | na | na | na | na | |
Difficulties with maintenance/construction | Control | 0.64 | 1 | 5.44 | 1 | 5.00 (0.56–236.49) | 0.219 | ||
Intervention | 0.00 | na | na | 9.76 | 1.88 (0.54–6.58) | 0.324 | na | ||