Ticks are more suitable than red foxes for monitoring zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in northeastern Italy

Parasites & Vectors

Table 4 Tick-borne pathogen species and their prevalence (%) in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in European countries

Pathogens	Foxes tested	%	Country	Reference
A. phagocytophilum	506	0.6	Austria	[33]
	25	4.0	Czech Republic	[56]
	415	12.5	Hungary	[30]
	122	8.2	Germany	[43]
	150	16.6	Italy	[29]
	153	0.65	Italy	[32]
	353	2.5	Romania	[31]
	162	3.0	Switzerland	[57]
Babesia cf. microti^a	36	50.0	Austria	[58]
	351–506	50.7–25.7^b	Austria	[33]
	191	5.0	Croatia	[59]
	121	46.5	Germany	[48]
	195	47.5	Germany	[60]
	316	14.6	Great Britain	[61]
	404	20.0	Hungary	[62]
	153	22.9	Italy	[32]
	78	37.2	Italy	[63]
	180	59.0	Italy	[64]
	91	69.2	Portugal	[65]
	300	9.7	Slovakia	[66]
Babesia canis	351	0.3	Austria	[33]
Babesia canis	91	1.1	Portugal	[65]
Bartonella rochalimae	506	0.2	Austria	[33]
Borrelia burgdorferi (s.l.)	353	1.4	Romania	[31]
“Ca. Neoehrlichia sp.”	164	0.6	Austria	[67]
“Ca. Neoehrlichia sp.”	506	0.4	Austria	[33]
Coxiella burnetii	153	1.96	Italy	[32]
Ehrlichia canis	105	52.0	Italy	[68]
	153	44.4	Italy	[32]
	13	31.0	Italy	[68]
	180	6.1	Italy	[64]
Hepatozoon canis	36	58.3	Austria	[58]
	351–506	18.5–29.8^b	Austria	[33]
	191	23.0	Croatia	[59]
	415	22.2	Hungary	[30]
	153	49.0	Italy	[32]
	78	53.8	Italy	[63]
	119	13.4	Italy	[69]
Rickettsia helvetica	162	1.0	Switzerland	[57]
Rickettsia spp.	180	5.0	Italy	[64]

ISSN: 1756-3305