Table 8 Nematodes known or suspected to induce false positive results in canine serum, plasma, or whole blood samples tested on heartworm antigen tests without heat pretreatment of samples

Angiostrongylus vasorum

0/16 to 8/16^a

Domestic dogs experimentally infected with An. vasorum

[49]

Spirocerca lupi

2/19 to 14/48^a

Domestic dogs^c with confirmed esophageal spirocercosis, resided in area without autochthonous D. immitis

[50]

8/32

Domestic dogs^c with confirmed esophageal spirocercosis; PCR negative for D. immitis microfilaria

Acanthocheilonema odendhali

15/15

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with microfilaria of A. odendhali

[51]

Dirofilaria ursi

6/10

North American brown bear (Ursus arctos) presumed infected based on geographic location (northern Canada)

[52]

Angiostrongylus vasorum

1/3 to 3/3^a

Domestic dogs^c naturally infected with An. vasorum confirmed by serum antigen test for An. vasorum and fecal; history of consistent heartworm preventive use

[53]

Dirofilaria repens

0/4 to 2/4^{a, b}

Domestic dogs^c naturally infected with D. repens as confirmed by microfilaria and subcutaneous nodules

[53]