Fig. 1

Two-way choice apparatus to test the effects of malaria infection on insecticide repulsion in the experiment with P. berghei infecting An. gambiae. The central cage (25 × 25 × 25 cm) was connected to two test cages (20 × 20 × 20 cm) with 15 cm length tubes (diameter 10 cm). The two small cages had a hole covered by the permethrin-treated net or the untreated net on the top. Mosquitoes were placed in the 15 × 10 × 5 cm acclimatization chamber for 2 min before their behaviour was tested. The arrows represent the direction of the air flow