Fig. 3

Phylogenetic tree of cox1 haplotypes displaying the relationship between the R. appendiculatus specimens in sub-Saharan African countries. The evolutionary history was inferred by using the maximum likelihood method based on the Tamura 3-parameter model. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites [5 categories (+G, parameter = 0.39)]. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths measured in the number of substitutions per site. Bootstrap scores > 70 are displayed to support nodes. The values in bracket behind haplotype names correspond to the frequency of each haplotype. Haplotype sequences (CH1-22) obtained in the present study are indicated by a black square. Rhipicephalus eversti and R. microplus obtained in this study and R. turanicus (GenBank number: KU880574) were used as outgroups