|
Risk factor
|
Ticks
|
Lice
|
|---|
| |
Positive/total (%)
|
P
a
|
OR (95% CI)
|
Positive/total (%)
|
P
a
|
OR (95% CI)
|
|---|
|
Farm location
| |
< 0.001
|
24.00 (2.91−198.10)
| |
0.002
|
7.66 (1.93−30.43)
|
|
Dry land
|
17/34 (50.0)
| | |
17/34 (50.0)
| | |
|
Floodplain
|
1/26 (3.85)
| | |
3/26 (11.5)
| | |
|
Herd size
| |
na
|
na
| |
na
|
na
|
|
Medium
|
0/2 (0.0)
| | |
1/2 (50.0)
| | |
|
Micro
|
6/34 (17.6)
| | |
6/34 (17.6)
| | |
|
Small
|
12/24 (54.1)
| | |
13/24 (54.1)
| | |
|
Animals go to floodplain area
| |
0.003
|
0.25 (0.03−1.64)
| |
0.741
|
0.72 (0.11−4.76)
|
|
Yes
|
15/55 (27.2)
| | |
18/55 (32.7)
| | |
|
No
|
3/5 (60.0)
| | |
2/5 (40.0)
| | |
|
Type of pasture
| |
0.019
|
b
| |
0.066
|
na
|
|
Cultivated
|
9/19 (47.3)
| | |
6/19 (31.5)
| | |
|
Mixed
|
3/5 (60.0)
| | |
4/5 (80.0)
| | |
|
Native
|
6/36 (16.6)
| | |
10/36 (27.7)
| | |
|
Type of grazing
| |
0.001
|
c
| |
0.097
|
na
|
|
Alternating
|
9/14 (64.2)
| | |
8/14 (57.1)
| | |
|
Continuous
|
5/42 (11.9)
| | |
11/42 (26.1)
| | |
|
Rotational
|
4/4 (100.0)
| | |
1/4 (25.0)
| | |
|
Mixed overgrowth pastures
| |
0.126
|
0.27 (0.04−1.79)
| |
0.509
|
2.11 (0.22−20.26)
|
|
Yes
|
15/55 (27.7)
| | |
19/55 (34.5)
| | |
|
No
|
3/5 (60.0)
| | |
1/5 (20.0)
| | |
|
Control ectoparasites
| |
0.066
|
2.41 (0.73−7.96)
| |
< 0.001
|
11.00 (2.24−53.86)
|
|
Yes
|
14/36 (38.8)
| | |
18/36 (50.0)
| | |
|
No
|
4/24 (16.6)
| | |
2/24 (8.3)
| | |
|
Presence of wild animals
| |
0.907
|
0.91 (0.20−4.12)
| |
0.443
|
0.57 (0.13−2.41)
|
|
Yes
|
15/51 (31.3)
| | |
16/51 (31.3)
| | |
|
No
|
3/9 (33.3)
| | |
4/9 (44.4)
| | |
- aCalculated using Chi-square or Fisher's tests
- bType of pasture: cultivated vs mixed (OR: 0.60, P = 1.00); cultivated vs native (OR: 4.50, P = 0.015); mixed vs native (OR: 7.50, P = 0.06)
- cType of grazing: alternating vs continuous (OR: 13.32, P < 0.0001); alternating vs rotational (OR: 0.19, P = 0.278); continuous vs rotational (OR: 0.02, P = 0.0008)
- Notes: A farm was considered positive when at least 1 of the examined animals was infested with lice or ticks. Herd size: micro (1−15 animals); small (16−100 animals); medium (101−500 animals). Mixed overgrowth is the presence of undesired plants such as bushes and shrubs in the pasture
- Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; na, not available.
