Table 2 Bioactive phytochemicals in chicory (Cichorium intybus) and their reported bioactivity

 Lactucin

C₁₅H₁₆O₅

antiprotozoal

Plasmodium falciparum

[72]

 11,13-dihydrolactucin

C₁₅H₁₈O₅

nr

 8-deoxylactucin

C₁₅H₁₆O₄

anti-inflammatory

HT29 cells

[75]

insecticidal

Schistocerca gregaria

[68]

 11,13-dihydro-8-deoxylactucin

C₁₅H₁₈O₄

nr

 Lactucopicrin

C₂₃H₂₂O₇

antiprotozoal

Plasmodium falciparum

[72]

insecticidal

Schistocerca gregaria

[68]

 11,13-dihydrolactucopicrin

C₂₃H₂₄O₇

nr

 Monocaffeoyl tartaric acid (Caftaric acid)

C₁₃H₁₂O₉

nr

 Chlorogenic acid

C₁₆H₁₈O₉

antibacterial

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium

[76]

 Caffeic acid

C₉H₈O₄

anticancer

Fibrosarcoma (HT-1080)

[77]

acaricidal

Rhipicephalus annulatus

[78]

 Chicoric acid

C₂₂H₁₈O₁₂

insecticidal

Schistocerca gregaria

[68]

 p-Coumaric acid

C₉H₈O₃

anti-inflammatory

Female albino rats of Wistar strain (in vivo)

[79]

 Caffeoylmalic acid

C₁₃H₁₂O₈

nr

 Ferulic acid

C₁₀H₁₀O₄

nr

 Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide + Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide

C₂₁H₁₈O₁₃

acaricidal

Rhipicephalus annulatus

[78]

 Quercetin malonyl glucoside

C₂₄H₂₂O₁₅

nr

 Apigenin glucuronide

C₂₁H₁₈O₁₁

nr

 Kaempferol glucuronide

C₂₁H₁₈O₁₂

anticancer and anti-inflammatory

Human pancreatic cancer cells

[80]

 Isorhamnetin 3-glucuronide

C₂₂H₂₀O₁₃

nr

 Kaempferol-7-O-(6″-O-malonyl)-glucoside

C₂₄H₂₂O₁₄

nr

 Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside

C₂₁H₂₁O₁₁⁺

nr

 Cyanidin 3-O-(6-malonyl)-glucoside

C₂₄H₂₃O₁₄⁺

anti-inflammatory

Lipid peroxidation and cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and -2) inhibition assay

[81]

 Cichoriin

C₁₈H₂₀O₃

insecticidal

Schistocerca gregaria

[68]