Fig. 2
A flowchart of the DDE model, where gi(T) represents the development (or growth) rate and δi(T) denotes the temperature-dependent mortality rate of individuals in stage i (i = E, L, P) at temperature, T. The additional mortality term experienced by larvae, δDD(L(t)), denotes the rate of mortality due to density-dependent processes, which may be due to either predation or competition for resources. In the model presented by Ewing et al. [62] density-dependence occurs through a Holling type II predation function (δDD(L(t)) = δπ(L(t))) but other density-dependent processes could be modelled, so we write this as a general density-dependent term, δDD(L(t)) = δπ(L(t)) + δLC(L(t)), composed of a predation term and a larval competition term. The egg-laying rate at which adults lay new offspring is given by b(t, T), such that the egg-laying rate depends on the duration of the temperature-dependent gonotrophic cycle and whether mosquitoes are active or diapausing, which varies with time, t