Table 1 Outbreak vehicles and Cryptosporidium species identified in cases in England and Wales, 2009–2017
Vehicle or source (median; range)a | Setting | Number of outbreaks | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No. genotyped (%) | C. parvum | C. hominis | Both species | ||
All outbreaks (5; 2–1589 cases) | 178 | 131 (74) | 69 | 60 | 2 | |
Recreational water (5; 2–70 cases) | 82 | 59 (72) | 6 | 52 | 1 | |
| Â | Swimming pool | 72 | 55 | 6 | 48 | 1 |
| Â | Hydrotherapy pool | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Â | Baby swimming pool | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Â | Paddling pool (outdoor) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Animal contact (5; 3–41 cases) | 74 | 53 (72) | 53 | 0 | 0 | |
| Â | Open/petting/educational farm | 52 | 38 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Commercial farm | 7 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | College farm events | 8 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Student animal handling classes | 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Lambs taken to institutions | 2 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Environmental contact (7; 5–14 cases) |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Â | Environmental contact | 4 | 3 (75) | 3 | 0 | 0 |
Person-to-person spread (5; 3–14 cases) |  |  |  |  |  | |
| Â | Daycare nursery | 4 | 3 (75) | 0 | 3 | 0 |
Drinking water | 2 | 2 (100) | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Mains water supply (23 cases) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Â | Private water supply (12 cases) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Food | 3 | 3 (100) | Â | Â | Â | |
| Â | Ready-to-eat salad (300 cases) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Milk (6 cases) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Sandwiches containing salad; coffee shop (192 cases) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Not known (20; 4–1589 cases) | 9 | 8 (89) | 3 | 4 | 1 | |
| Â | Community | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Â | Not known | 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | School | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Â | Open prison | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |