Table 1 Prevalence and associations of G. duodenalis presence, determined with qPCR, IDEXX SNAP® Giardia and DFA, for gastrointestinal parasites, dog population, age groups, sex, neuter status and fecal consistency

Parasites

 Any helminth

22.5 (9.2–45.4)

1.32 (0.52–3.39)

P = 0.560

22.1 (10.1–41.5)

2.29 (1.08–4.83)

P = 0.030

20.1 (9.4–38.0)

2.15 (1.10–4.22)

P = 0.026

22.0 (9.5–43.1)

1.91 (0.78–4.71)

P = 0.158

 Toxocara sp.

6.4 (3.9–10.5)

2.08 (0.75–5.81)

P = 0.159

5.6 (3.0–10.3)

1.89 (0.86–4.12)

P = 0.111

6.7 (4.0–11.0)

2.80 (1.34–5.86)

P = 0.006

6.8 (4.2–10.8)

2.67 (0.95–7.48

P = 0.061

 Toxascaris leonina

7.0 (1.7–24.4)

0.76 (0.74–7.83)

P = 0.820

6.7 (2.1–19.8)

5.77 (2.21–15.02)

P = 0.0001

5.4 (1.7–15.7)

2.01 (0.35–11.39)

P = 0.430

6.3 (1.5–22.7)

0.67 (0.62–7.31)

P = 0.746

Trichuris sp.^a

16.6 (4.9–43.2)

8.70 (3.63–20.86)

P = 0.0001

14.9 (4.6–39.0)

2.56 (1.40–4.70)

P = 0.002

12.6 (3.5–36.1)

2.48 (1.03–5.9)

P = 0.043

15.6 (4.8–40.2)

8.96 (4.04–19.86)

P = 0.0001

 Strongyle type eggs

16.6 (4.7–44.6)

0.84 (0.09–7.91)

P = 0.876

14.9 (4.6–39.0)

3.38 (0.56–20.33)

P = 0.184

12.6 (3.7–34.6)

1.38 (0.28–6.67)

P = 0.690

15.1 (4.2–41.8)

0.66 (0.69–6.32)

P = 0.720

 Taenia/Echinococcus sp.

0.5 (0.09–3.2)

nc

0

nc

0

nc

0.5 (0.07–2.9)

nc

 Any protozoa

11.8 (4.4–28.0)

1.61 (0.77–3.35)

P = 0.206

10.3 (4.8–20.9)

1.29 (0.51–3.24)

P = 0.586

9.7 (5.4–16.6)

1.61 (0.77–3.35)

P = 0.206

10.8 (4.0–26.0)

1.09 (0.42–2.85)

P = 0.865

 Coccidia/Cysto-isospora sp.

4.3 (2.0–8.8)

1.60 (0.49–5.23)

P = 0.434

5.7 (3.1–10.3)

1.30 (0.47–3.57)

P = 0.614

6.7 (4.0–11.1)

1.71 (0.77–3.80)

P = 0.190

3.9 (1.9–8.0)

1.41 (0.45–4.39)

P = 0.558

 Eimeria sp.

8.6 (2.2–28.4)

1.28 (0.26–6.26)

P = 0.763

5.6 (2.0–15.0)

2.38 (0.54–10.52)

P = 0.255

4.6 (1.8–11.1)

3.48 (1.25–9.66)

P = 0.017

7.8 (2.0–26.5)

1.11 (0.24–5.16)

P = 0.898

 Any parasite

27.3 (13.4–47.6)

1.32 (0.64–2.73)

P = 0.446

27.7 (15.3–44.8)

1.92 (1.01–3.68)

P = 0.048

26.4 (15.1–42.0)

1.95 (1.17–3.24)

P = 0.011

26.3 (13.4–45.3)

1.58 (0.79–3.16)

P = 0.198

 Any parasite excl. Eimeria

26.2 (12.4–47.2)

1.38 (0.64–2.97)

P = 0.411

26.7 (14.2–44.4)

1.93 (0.99–3.75)

P = 0.054

25.9 (14.7–41.7)

1.96 (1.17–3.30)

P = 0.011

25.4 (12.4–44.9)

1.68 (0.81–3.50)

P = 0.167

Dog population

 Household

17.1 (12.9–22.3)

Ref

5.3 (3.5–7.9)

Ref

11.6 (9.1–14.7)

Ref

21.5 (16.8–27.0)

Ref

 Group housed^b

45.6 (30.6–61.4)

3.77 (1.93–7.35)

P = 0.0001

25.1 (18.4–33.2)

5.52 (3.05–9.96)

P = 0.0001

25.1 (18.1–33.6)

2.32 (1.43–3.78)

P = 0.001

48.0 (34.0–62.3)

3.12 (1.70–5.70)

P = 0.0001

  Shelter

35.0 (24.1–47.8)

1.95 (1.07–3.55)

P = 0.030

21.6 (15.1–29.9)

3.22 (1.72–6.00)

P = 0.0001

20.9 (15.4–27.6)

2.00 (1.10–3.65)

P = 0.024

38.0 (28.0–49.1)

1.63 (0.95–2.80)

P = 0.074

  Hunting^b

88.2 (83.2–91.9)

32.60 (17.23–61.59)

P = 0.0001

40.0 (31.1–49.7)

9.87 (4.88–19.98)

P = 0.0001

43.1 (26.6–61.2)

4.74 (1.93–11.64)

P = 0.001

88.2 (83.2–92.0)

23.94 (12.67–45.22)

P = 0.0001

 Clinical

32.0 (25.8–38.8)

1.14 (0.58–2.25)

P = 0.709

22.8 (18.9–27.3)

2.30 (1.22–4.33)

P = 0.010

23.4 (19.4–27.8)

0.80 (0.45–1.30)

P = 0.322

33.0 (26.8–39.9)

0.88 (0.46–1.68)

P = 0.703

Age group

 ≤ 6 months

56.0 (41.9–69.2)

Ref

46.2 (36.7–55.9)

Ref

49.0 (39.7–58.5)

Ref

56.0 (41.9–69.2)

Ref

 7–12 months

54.3 (37.5–70.2)

1.27 (0.49–3.33)

P = 0.624

32.9 (22.3–45.5)

0.55 (0.27–1.13)

P = 0.102

35.2 (24.9–47.1)

0.52 (0.26–1.04)

P = 0.065

57.1 (40.2–72.6)

1.36 (0.53–3.56)

P = 0.526

 1 year

30.2 (18.0–46.1)

0.30 (0.11–0.81)

P = 0.018

14.3 (7.1–26.8)

0.15 (0.06–0.37)

P = 0.0001

17.2 (10.7–26.6)

0.19 (0.08–0.43)

P = 0.0001

32.6 (20.0–48.4)

0.33 (0.53–0.88)

P = 0.028

 2–7 years

23.0 (17.9–29.0)

0.26 (0.11–0.63)

P = 0.003

12.4 (9.4–16.2)

0.25 (0.13–0.49)

P = 0.0001

14.1 (11.3–17.6)

0.17 (0.92–0.32)

P = 0.0001

25.3 (20.1–31.4)

0.27 (0.12–0.64)

P = 0.003

 > 7 years

16.4 (11.3–23.2)

0.22 (0.09–0.57)

P = 0.002

8.3 (5.2–13.0)

0.17 (0.08–0.38)

P = 0.0001

10.1 (7.2–14.0)

0.13 (0.06–0.25)

P = 0.0001

21.2 (15.5–28.4)

0.29 (0.12–0.72)

P = 0.008

Sex

 Female

25.3 (20.3–31.0)

Ref

12.6 (9.9–16.0)

Ref

15.0 (12.2–18.3)

Ref

27.8 (22.6–33.5)

Ref

 Male

23.3 (18.5–28.9)

0.77 (0.50–1.18)

P = 0.229

16.3 (13.1–20.0)

1.24 (0.85–1.81)

P = 0.269

17.7 (14.4–21.4)

1.17 (0.83–1.64)

P = 0.382

27.1 (22.0–32.8)

0.87 (0.57–1.31)

P = 0.501

Neuter status

 Female intact

37.0 (29.8–44.9)

3.28 (1.60–6.72)

P = 0.001

18.6 (14.3–23.9)

1.85 (0.89–3.88)

P = 0.101

19.2 (15.1–24.2)

1.10 (0.64–1.88)

P = 0.251

38.3 (30.9–46.3)

2.58 (1.32–5.02)

P = 0.005

 Female neutered

11.0 (6.6–17.8)

Ref

5.3 (3.0–9.3)

Ref

10.2 (7.0–14.6)

Ref

15.0 (9.7–22.4)

Ref

 Male intact

25.4 (19.6–32.1)

1.72 (0.86–3.43)

P = 0.124

19.7 (15.7–24.4)

2.20 (1.07–4.54)

P = 0.033

20.9 (17.0–25.4)

1.37 (0.80–2.34)

P = 0.672

30.8 (24.9–37.5)

1.77 (0.94–3.34)

P = 0.079

 Male neutered

18.4 (11.6–27.8)

1.69 (0.74–3.84)

P = 0.210

7.9 (4.5–13.4)

1.17 (0.48–2.83)

P = 0.732

9.6 (5.7–16.0)

0.86 (0.42–1.74)

P = 0.251

18.4 (11.6–27.8)

1.21 (0.57–2.59)

P = 0.620

Fecal consistency

 Loose

40.8 (27.4–55.8)

1.31 (0.77–2.23)

P = 0.326

26.5 (21.8–31.8)

1.42 (0.90–2.23)

P = 0.269

27.4 (22.0–33.6)

1.49 (0.94–2.39)

P = 0.093

43.7 (30.5–57.8)

1.41 (0.84–2.34)

P = 0.192

 Non-loose

25.9 (21.1–31.4)

Ref

14.3 (11.2–18.2)

Ref

16.3 (13.6–19.4)

Ref

28.9 (24.1–34.1)

Ref

Total

29.3 (23.7–35.5)

17.2 (14.2–20.6)

18.8 (16.0–22.0)

32.0 (26.7–38.0)