Table 1 List of insecticide resistance data on Culex quinquefasciatus field-collected in Brazil

North

Amazonas

Manaus

1978

Chlorpyriphos

1.3 (0.0008)

–

S

–

–

Curtis & Pasteur [48]

North-East

Pernambuco

Recife

1995

–

–

–

–

Sequencing

G119S ace-1^R

Weill et al. [64]

Coque^a

1991–1993

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

9.7 (0.0367)

–

Low resistance

Binding experiments

Slight decrease in the receptor concentration

Silva-Filha et al. [86]

1991–1993

Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis

2.0 (0.01)

–

S

–

–

Silva-Filha et al. [86]

1996

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

1.3–7.3 (0.0013–0.0313)

–

Low resistance

–

–

Silva-Filha & Regis [87]

1996

Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis

1.0 (0.009)

–

S

–

–

Silva-Filha & Regis [87]

Água Fria^a

2005–2010

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

2.7–8.6 (0.008–0.024)

–

Low resistance

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.033–0.055)^e; cqm1_REC-D25 (0.002)^e

Silva-Filha et al.; Chalegre et al. [88, 89, 91]

2009–2010

Temephos

1 (0.006)

–

S

–

–

Amorim et al. [51]

Azeitona^a

1999

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

–

–

–

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.002)^e; cqm1_REC-D16 (0.006)^e

Chalegre et al. [89]

Roda de Fogo^a

1999

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

–

–

–

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.017)^e

Chalegre et al. [89]

Fazenda Nova

2007

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

3.7 (0.011)

–

S

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.0029)^e

Chalegre et al. [88]

Peixinhos^a

2007

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

4 (0.012)

–

S

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.0061)^e

Chalegre et al. [88]

2009–2010

Temephos

1 (0.006)

–

S

–

–

Amorim et al. [51]

Jaboatão dos Guararapes

2010

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

4.3 (0.017)

–

S

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.001)^e; cqm1_REC-D16 (0.003)^e

Chalegre et al. [89]

2010

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

–

–

–

Multiplex PCR

cqm1_REC (0.003)^e; cqm1_REC-2 (0.002)^e

Menezes et al. [85]

2009–2010

Temephos

0.57 (0.002)

–

S

–

–

Amorim et al. [51]

Glória do Goitá Ipojuca

2009–2010

Temephos

1.5 (0.009)

–

S

–

–

Amorim et al. [51]

2009–2010

Temephos

0.6 (0.0019)

–

S

–

–

Amorim et al. [51]

2010

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

3.3 (0.013)

–

S

AS-PCR

cqm1_REC (0.003)^e

Chalegre et al. [89]

Santa Cruz do Capibaribe

2009–2010

Temephos

5.8 (0.036)

–

Moderate resistance

Enzymatic assays and AS-PCR

G119S ace-1^R (0.11)^e; α-esterase (> 30%); β-esterase (> 17%)

Amorim et al. [51]

Ceará

Fortaleza

1993

–

–

–

–

Enzymatic assays

Esterase C2

Yebákima et al. [60]

Center-West

Mato Grosso

Cuiabá

2000

Temephos

–

0.012–0,06 ppm (95–100%)

Tolerant

–

–

Campos & Andrade [50]

Mato Grosso do Sul

Campo Grande

1998

Temephos

–

0.04 ppm (88.09); 0.045 ppm (93.71%)

R

–

Metabolic resistance (suggested)

Campos & Andrade [50]

2012

–

–

–

–

AS-PCR

L1014F kdr mutation (0.01)^e

Steinhagem et al. [77]

Naviraí

2013

Temephos

–

0.004 ppm (18–20%)

R

–

–

Scudeler et al. [52]

South-East

Rio de Janeiro

Rio de Janeiro

1978

Chlorpyriphos

2.2 (0.001)

–

Low resistance

–

–

Curtis & Pasteur [48]

1994

Malathion

2.2 (0.15)

–

S

Sinergists tests

Mixed function oxidase and increased esterases

Gonzáles et al. [49]

Chlorpyriphos

78.9 (0.0005)

–

R

–

Mixed function oxidase and increased esterases

Pirimiphos-methil

4.4 (0.026)

–

S

–

–

Propoxur

5.1 (0.51)

–

S

Sinergists tests

Mixed function oxidase and increased esterases

Cypermethrin

3.4 (0.0008)

–

S

–

–

Deltamethrin

3.2 (0.0003)

–

S

–

–

Lambda-cyhalothrin

6.0 (0.0003)

–

S

Sinergists tests

Mixed function oxidase and increased esterases

DDT

11.8 (0.025)

–

R

–

–

1995

Malathion

43.81 (0.609)

–

R

Enzymatic assays

Elevated esterase and altered AChE

Coto et al. [24]

2012

–

–

–

–

AS-PCR

L1014F kdr mutation (0.04)^e

Steinhagem et al. [77]

Niterói

2012

–

–

–

–

L1014F kdr mutation (0.07)^e

São Paulo

Pinheiro River

2005

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

0.6–2.85 (0.009–0.0454)

–

S

–

–

Andrade et al. [30]

2006

Lysinibacillus sphaericus

5 (0.015)

–

S

–

–

Silva-Filha et al. [91]

1995

Fenitrothion, malathion and propoxur

–

1% (47.5%); 5% (58.8%); 0.1% (59.4%)

R

–

–

Bracco et al. [53]

1995

DDT and permetrin

–

4%; 0.25% (100%)

S

–

–

1995–1996

Fenitrothion, malathion and propoxur

11.20 (136.3)^c; 3.33 (32.9)^c; 3.01 (200)^c

–

R

Enzymatic assays

G119S ace-1^R (0.12–0,17)^e; α-esterase (> 11.2%)

Bracco et al. [54]

Campinas

1999–2001

Temephos

6.36 (0.0076)

–

R

–

Metabolic resistance (suggested)

Campos & Andrade [50]

1999–2001

Cypermethrin

–

0.0096 ppm (11.17%)

R

–

Metabolic resistance (suggested)

1999–2001

Cyfluthrin

–

0.002–0.03 ppm (0.42–47.5%)

R

–

Metabolic resistance (suggested)

Minas Gerais

Belo Horizonte

2012

–

–

–

–

AS-PCR

L1014F kdr mutation (0.04)^e

Steinhagem et al. [77]

South

Rio Grande do Sul

Porto Alegre

1989–1991

Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis

–

1250 mg/m² (100%)

S

–

–

Ruas-Neto et al. [97]

1989–1991

Tetramethrine/PBO

–

5 mg/m² (97.87%)

S

–

–

Feliz

1989–1991

Lysinibacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis svar. israelensis

–

1250 mg/m² (100%)

S

–

–

1989–1991

Temephos and fenthion

0.86^b (7.4×10³) and 1.39^b (0.24)

–

S

–

–