Fig. 1

Anti-Leishmania effect of Galf on human macrophages in vitro. a Percentage of infected macrophages after treatment with Galf or L-Galf at various concentrations, or with 8 µM miltefosine (HePC) or 100 µg/ml meglumine antimoniate (Gluc). b Mean number of amastigotes (AMG) per macrophage. Human macrophages were infected overnight with L. donovani promastigotes (MOI 10:1) at stationary phase, then cells were treated with the indicated compounds for 48 h. After washing, cells were stained with MGG and observed by optical microscopy at a magnification of 100× to count the percentage of infected cells and the number of intracellular parasites in treated and untreated cells. Each condition was performed in quadruplicate in two independent experiments. Data show means ± SE of one representative experiment. Results from treated groups were compared to the untreated group using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test (*P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001)