Table 1 Seroprevalence of T. gondii antibodies in South American camelids

Peru (Lampa, Puno)

Alpaca

IHA (Toxotest, Wiener Lab.)

1:16

89/200

44.5

[48]

Llama

38/136

27.9

Peru (Canchis, Cusco)

Alpaca

IFAT

1:50

97/272

35.7

[49]

Peru (Peruvian Andes, Central and South Sierra)

Llama

IFAT

Conjugate: anti-llama IgG-FITC (VMRD) + confirmation of positive results by Western blot

1:50

19/43

44.2

[69]

Vicuna

11/200

5.5

Peru (Puno, South-Eastern Peru)

Alpaca

Immunoblot T. gondii

20/675

3.0

[30]

Llama

7/81

8.6

Vicuna

3/114

2.6

Peru (Central Sierra)

Alpaca

IHA (Toxotest, Wiener Lab.).

1:16

42/200

21.0

[50]

Peru (Central Sierra)

Alpaca

IFAT

Conjugate: anti-llama IgG-FITC (VMRD)

1:200

22/258

8.5

[70]

Peru (Melgar, Puno)

Llama

IFAT

1:200

16/107

14.9

[71]

Peru (Central and South Peruvian Andes)

Alpaca

IFAT

Conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:200

706/2874

24.6

[57]

Llama

460/1845

24.9

Argentina (Jujuy)

Llama

IFAT

Conjugate: anti bovine IgG FITC (Sigma-Aldrich)

1:50

44/308

14.3

[37]

Chile

Alpaca

IHA (in-house)

1:16

32/447

7.2

[38]

Chile

Alpaca

MAT

1:25

15/127

11.8

[39]

Llama

49/113

43.3

USA (Northwest: Oregon, Washington State and Idaho)

Llama

MAT

1:25

95/283

33.5

[41]

USA Virginia

Alpaca

MAT

1:25

6/16

37.5

[40]

Germany (Hesse)

Alpaca

Immunoblot T. gondii

4/12

33.3

[30]

Llama

10/20

50.0

Czech Republic

Alpaca

ELISA (ID Screen Toxoplasmosis indirect multispecies ID.vet)

S/P (%) ≥ 50%^a

1/1

100

[42]

Llama

7/8

88.0

Alpaca

IFAT

Conjugate: anti-llama IgG FITC (VMRD)

1:50

0/1

0

Llama

4/8

50.0