Table 1 Comparison of vector-borne pathogens prevalence in samples of dogs from the north of Spain in relation to the epidemiological data collected

Number of dogs

556

50 (8.99)

1 (0.18)

5 (0.90)

7 (1.26)

4 (0.72)

63 (11.33)

Prevalence (%) (95% CI)

8.99 ± 1.21

(6.61–11.37)

0.18 ± 0.18

(0–0.53)

0.90 ± 0.40

(0.11–1.69)

1.26 ± 0.47

(0.33–2.19)

0.72 ± 0.36

(0.02–1.42)

11.33 ± 1.34

(8.70–13.96)

Clinical signs suggestive of vector-borne diseases

556

 Yes

283 (50.90)

43 (15.19)*

1 (0.35)

5 (1.77)

3 (1.06)

2 (0.71)

51 (18.02)*

 No

273 (49.10)

7 (2.56)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (1.47)

2 (0.73)

12 (4.40)

Season of sample collection

545

 Spring

158 (28.99)

15 (9.49)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.63)

0 (0)

16 (10.13)

 Summer

118 (21.65)

7 (5.93)

0 (0)

4 (3.39)*

1 (0.85)

1 (0.85)

11 (9.32)

 Autumn

155 (28.44)

14 (9.03)

0 (0)

1 (0.65)

1 (0.65)

0 (0)

15 (9.68)

 Winter

114 (20.92)

11 (9.65)

1 (0.88)

0 (0)

4 (3.51)

2 (1.75)

17 (14.91)

Age

543

 Puppy (< 1–year-old)

64 (11.79)

1 (1.56)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1.56)

0 (0)

2 (3.13)

 Young (1–5 years-old)

234 (43.09)

19 (8.12)

1 (0.43)

1 (0.43)

3 (1.28)

3 (1.28)

25 (10.68)

 Adult (5–10-years-old)

187 (34.44)

17 (9.09)

0 (0)

3 (1.60)

3 (1.60)

1 (0.53)

23 (12.30)

 Old (> 10 years-old)

58 (10.68)

10 (17.24)*

0 (0)

1 (1.72)

0 (0)

0 (0)

10 (17.24)

Breed

554

 Yes

397 (71.66)

38 (9.57)

1 (0.25)

3 (0.76)

4 (1.01)

1 (0.25)

44 (11.08)

 No

157 (28.34)

12 (7.64)

0 (0)

2 (1.27)

3 (1.91)

3 (1.91)

19 (12.10)

Sex

556

 Male

315 (56.65)

32 (10.16)

1 (0.32)

2 (0.63)

5 (1.59)

3 (0.95)

41 (13.02)

 Female

241 (43.35)

18 (7.47)

0 (0)

3 (1.24)

2 (0.83)

1 (0.41)

22 (9.13)

Weight

548

 Small (< 10 kg)

104 (18.98)

6 (5.77)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (1.92)

8 (7.69)

 Small-medium (10–20 kg)

170 (31.02)

19 (11.18)

0 (0)

4 (2.35)

2 (1.18)

1 (0.59)

25 (14.71)

 Medium-large (> 20–30 kg)

173 (31.57)

18 (10.40)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (2.31)

1 (0.58)

21 (12.14)

 Large (> 30 kg)

101 (18.43)

6 (5.94)

1 (0.99)

1 (0.99)

1 (0.99)

0 (0)

8 (7.92)

Ticks infestation

556

 Yes

64 (11.51)

5 (7.81)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (3.13)

1 (1.56)

8 (12.5)

 No

492 (88.49)

45 (9.15)

1 (1.2)

5 (1.02)

5 (1.02)

3 (0.61)

55 (11.18)

Use of ectoparasiticides

556

 Yes

362 (65.11)

33 (9.12)

0 (0)

4 (1.10)

4 (1.10)

1 (0.28)

39 (10.77)

 No

194 (34.89)

17 (8.76)

1 (0.52)

1 (0.52)

3 (1.55)

3 (1.55)

24 (12.37)

Living outdoor/indoor

545

 Indoor

219 (40.18)

13 (5.94)

0 (0)

4 (1.83)

1 (0.46)

0 (0)

17 (7.76)

 Outdoor

164 (30.09)

23 (14.02)*

1 (0.61)

0 (0)

2 (1.22)

2 (1.22)

19 (11.63)

 Mixed

162 (29.72)

14 (8.68)

0 (0)

1 (0.62)

4 (2.47)

2 (1.23)

27 (16.46)*

Living area

544

 Urban

203 (37.32)

13 (6.4)

0 (0)

4 (1.97)

0 (0)

0 (0)

16 (7.88)

 Periurban

120 (22.06)

11 (9.17)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.83)

0 (0)

12 (10)

 Rural

221 (40.63)

26 (11.76)

1 (0.45)

1 (0.45)

6 (2.71)*

4 (1.81)*

35 (15.84)*

National travel history

556

 Yes

165 (29.68)

12 (7.27)

0 (0)

0 (0)

4 (2.42)

0 (0)

16 (9.7)

 No

391 (70.32)

38 (9.72)

1 (0.26)

5 (1.28)

3 (0.77)

4 (1.02)

47 (12.02)

International travel history

556

 Yes

42 (7.57)

3 (7.14)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (2.38)

0 (0)

4 (9.52)

 No

514 (92.43)

47 (9.16)

1 (0.19)

5 (0.97)

6 (1.17)

4 (0.78)

59 (11.5)

Clinical signs suggestive of:

283

 Anaplasmosis

71 (12.77)

2 (2.82)

0 (0)

1 (1.41)

3 (4.23)*

1 (1.41)

6 (8.45)

 Ehrlichiosis

126 (22.66)

7 (5.56)

0 (0)

3 (2.38)

1 (0.79)

1 (0.79)

10 (7.94)

 Dirofilariosis

33 (5.94)

2 (6.06)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (6.06)

 Leishmaniasis

127 (22.84)

32 (25.20)*

0 (0)

1 (0.79)

1 (0.79)

1 (0.79)

33 (25.98)*

 Borreliosis

50 (8.99)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (2)

1 (2)

Autonomous communities

556

 Aragon

57 (10.25)

14 (24.56)^a,b,c,d

0 (0)

1 (1.75)

1 (1.75)

0 (0)

15 (26.32)^h,i

 Asturias

79 (14.21)

1 (1.27)^a,e

0 (0)

1 (1.27)

2 (2.53)

2 (2.53)

6 (7.59)

 Basque Country

80 (14.39)

4 (5)^b

0 (0)

1 (1.25)

2 (2.5)

0 (0)

6 (7.50)

 Cantabria

91 (16.37)

3 (3.3)^c,f

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (1.10)

0 (0)

4 (4.40)^h,j

 Catalonia

97 (17.45)

13 (13.40)

0 (0)

1 (1.03)

0 (0)

2 (2.06)

15 (15.46)

 Galicia

80 (14.39)

2 (2.50)^d,g

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (2.50)^i,k

 Navarra

72 (12.95)

13 (18.06)^e,f,g

1 (1.39)

1 (1.39)

0 (0)

0 (0)

15 (20.83)^j,k