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Table 1 Prevalence of pathogens in field-collected ticks in Latvia, 2017–2019 (n = 4593)

From: Large-scale countrywide screening for tick-borne pathogens in field-collected ticks in Latvia during 2017–2019

Pathogen speciesa

Tick species

P-valueb

Ixodes ricinus (95% CI)

Ixodes persulcatus (95% CI)

Dermacentor reticulatus (95% CI)

All ticks

Male

Female

Nymph

Total

Male

Female

Nymph

Total

Male

Female

Nymph

Total

TBEV

0.88

0.6

0.43

0.65 (0.44–0.96)

1.3

0

0

0.63 (0.01–3.86)

1.74

0.24

0

0.67 (0.2–1.78)

0.65

1.000

Babesia total*

3.08

3.25

1.04

2.53 (2.07–3.07)

0

1.35

0

0.63 (0.01–3.86)

0

0.48

0

0.34 (0.01–1.30)

2.18

0.0002*

Ba. canis

1.39

0.76

0.52

0.91 (0.65–1.27)

0

0

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0.48

0

0.34 (0.01–1.30)

0.81

0.2727

Ba. microti

0.29

1.28

0

0.55 (0.35–0.84)

0

1.35

0

0.63 (0.01–3.86)

0

0 

0

0 (0–0.77)

0.48

0.1081

Ba. venatorum*

1.39

1.21

0.52

1.07 (0.78–1.45)

0

0 

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0

0

0 (0–0.77)

0.89

0.0075*

Ba. capreoli

0

0.08

0

0.03 (0.01–0.16)

0

0

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0

0

0 (0–0.77)

0.02

1.000

A. phagocytophilum

1.39

1.44

0.69

1.20 (0.90–1.60)

1.3

0

0

0.63 (0.01–3.86)

0.58

0.48

0 

0.50 (0.10–1.54)

1.09

0.3050

Rickettsia total*

20.25

21.22

16.48

19.45 (18.23–20.74)

7.79

5.41

28.57

7.59 (4.28–12.92)

26.16

21.48

0 

22.69 (19.50–26.23)

19.46

< 0.0001*

R. helvetica*

18.86

18.73

15.35

17.76 (16.58–19.00)

6.49

5.41

14.29

6.33 (3.34–11.39)

8.14

4.06

0

5.21 (3.67–7.32)

15.74

< 0.0001*

R. monacensis

0.07

0.15

0.17

0.13 (0.05–0.31)

0

0 

 0

0 (0–2.86)

0

 0

0 

0 (0–0.77)

0.11

1.000

R. raoultii*

1.98

2.79

1.47

2.11 (1.70–2.62)

1.3

0

14.29

1.27 (0.05–4.79)

18.6

17.66

0 

17.82 (14.94–21.10)

4.11

< 0.0001*

Bo. miyamotoi*

1.39

1.51

0.43

1.15 (0.85–1.54)

0

2.70

0

1.27 (0.05–4.79)

0

0

0

0 (0–0.77)

1.0

0.0062*

Bo. burgdorferi (s.l.)*

20.47

21.15

4.77

15.99 (14.86–17.18)

20.78

27.03

14.29

23.42 (17.46–30.63)

0

1.43

0 

1.01 (0.41–2.24)

14.3

< 0.0001*

Bo. afzelii*

11.96

12.08

3.12

9.35 (8.47–10.31)

12.99

17.57

14.29

15.19 (10.37–21.67)

0

1.19

0

0.84 (0.3–2.01)

8.45

< 0.0001*

Bo. burgdorferi (s.s.)

0.66

0.83

0.26

0.60 (0.39–0.90)

0

0

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0 

0

0 (0–0.77)

0.5

0.1367

Bo. garinii*

2.86

3.55

1.13

2.58 (2.12–3.13)

7.79

10.81

0

8.86 (5.25–14.43)

0

0.24

0

0.17 (0–0.01)

2.48

< 0.0001*

Bo. lusitaniae*

3.89

3.02

0.26

2.50 (2.05–3.05)

0

0

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0

0 

0 (0–0.77)

2.09

< 0.0001*

Bo. valaisiana*

1.39

2.04

0.09

1.22 (0.92–1.63)

0

0

0

0 (0–2.86)

0

0

0

0 (0–0.77)

1.02

0.00285*

Any pathogen-positive*

40.13

40.63

22.2

34.92 (33.43–36.44)

29.87

33.78

28.57

31.65 (24.89–39.27)

27.33

23.15

0

24.2 (20.93–27.81)

33.42

< 0.0001*

Total no. of ticks

1363

1324

1153

3840

77

74

7

158

172

419

4

595

4593

 
  1. aIncluding co-infections
  2. bP-value was calculated for the total numbers
  3. *Statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.05)
  4. Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; TBEV, tick-borne encephalitis virus
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