Fig. 5

Activation of NF-ƙB upon N. caninum active invasion. a Representative micrographs of non-infected MØs (MØC) and MØs challenged for 8 h with Nc-Spain7 (MØ7), Nc-Spain1H (MØ1H) or HK tachyzoites (MØHK). NF-ƙB p65 is stained in green (Alexa Fluor 488), parasites in red (Alexa Fluor 594) and nuclei in blue (DAPI). Arrows exemplify N. caninum infected cells, where co-location of NF-ƙB p65 and nuclei is observed. b Image magnifications where nuclear translocation of NF-ƙB p65 from cytoplasm to nucleus is shown exclusively in the N. caninum infected-MØ. The upper image shows exclusively the NF-ƙB p65 staining. The image below is a merged image of NF-ƙB p65, nuclei and parasites staining. c The bar graph indicates the nuclear/cytoplasmic mean fluorescence intensity ratios (F n/c) ratio of MØC, MØ7, MØ1H and MØHK expressed as the mean ± SD. Asterisks indicate significant differences (*P < 0.024, ***P < 0.0001). Results were obtained from three biological replicates for each condition. Scale-bars: a, b, 10 µm