Table 1 Contamination of vegetables and fruits by Cryptosporidium spp.

Brazil

PCR

Vegetables

21

2 (9.5)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1); C. parvum (1)

[45]

China

PCR

Lettuce

200

0

[36]

Coriander

152

0

Celery

70

0

Baby bok choy

59

0

Chinese cabbage

47

0

Leaf lettuce

44

0

Water spinach

28

0

Crown daisy

27

0

Fennel plant

26

0

Endive

25

0

Spinach

20

0

Schizonepeta

20

0

Cabbage

18

0

Leaf mustard

11

0

Chinese chive

132

1 (0.8)

C. parvum (1)

Chive

128

0

Cucumber

41

0

Watermelon

15

0

Potato

3

0

Bean (kidney/French bean)

28

0

Green chili

5

0

Costa Rica

Direct smear, followed by light microscopy

Cilantro leaves

80

4 (5.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (4)

[79]

Cilantro roots

80

7 (8.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (7)

Lettuce

80

2 (2.5)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

Radish, tomato, cucumbers, carrots

80

1 (1.2)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Costa Rica

Zielh-Nielsen stain, Weber stain

Lettuce

50

7 (14.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (7)

[71]

Parsley

50

1 (2.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Cilantro

50

1 (2.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Strawberries

50

0

Blackberries

50

3 (6.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (3)

Egypt

Wet mount, Weber modified trichrome, modified Ziehl-Neelsen stains

Fresh fruit juices

61.3

Cryptosporidium spp.

[80]

Ethiopia

Modifed Zeihl-Neelsen stain

Fruits and vegetables

360

46 (12.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (46)

[19]

Ethiopia

Modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Fruits and vegetables

360

17 (4.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (17)

[32]

Ethiopia

Modified Zeihl-Neelsen stain

Tomato

100

9 (9.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (9)

[14]

Cabbage

96

0

Green pepper

66

2 (3.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

Carrot

62

7 (11.3)

Cryptosporidium spp. (7)

Salad

23

2 (8.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

Ghana

Ziehl-Neelsen stain

Cabbage

90

18 (20.0)

Cryptosporidium parvum (18)

[12]

Green pepper

55

12 (21.8)

Cryptosporidium parvum (12)

Carrot

47

6 (12.8)

Cryptosporidium parvum (6)

Onion

70

9 (12.9)

Cryptosporidium parvum (9)

Tomato

31

4 (12.9)

Cryptosporidium parvum (4)

Lettuce

102

18 (17.6)

Cryptosporidium parvum (18)

Ghana

Sediment smears and fluorescence stain

Cabbage

72

12 (16.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (12)

[67]

Lettuce

72

15 (20.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (15)

Carrot

72

4 (5.6)

Cryptosporidium spp. (4)

Spring onion

72

8 (11.1)

Cryptosporidium spp. (8)

Tomatoes

72

1 (1.4)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Ghana

Direct wet mount, Trichrome, modified Zielh-Nielsen stain

Tiger nuts

40

12 (30.0)

Cryptosporidium parvum (12)

[81]

India

DAPI-stain followed by fluorescence microscopy, and PCR

Cabbage

47

3 (6.4)

Cryptosporidium parvum (3)

[13]

Chili

42

2 (4.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

Coriander

28

2 (7.1)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

Cucumber

52

3 (5.8)

Cryptosporidium parvum (3)

Radish

14

1 (7.1)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Tomatoes

56

6 (10.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (6)

Iran

Modified Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain

Mint

82

7 (8.5)

Cryptosporidium spp. (7)

[26]

Leek

90

3 (3.3)

Cryptosporidium spp. (3)

Cress

90

8 (8.9)

Cryptosporidium spp. (8)

Green onion

54

8 (14.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (8)

Coriander

90

6 (6.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (6)

Basil

90

1 (1.1)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Iran

Modified Ziehl-Neelsen satin

Vegetables

34

3 (8.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (3)

[72]

Italy

modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain and PCR

Ready-to-eat packaged salads

648

6 (0.9)

Cryptosporidium parvum/C. ubiquitum (6)

[23]

Korea

qPCR

Carrots

3

1 (33.3)

Cryptosporidium parvum (1)

[22]

Cabbages

3

1 (33.3)

Cryptosporidium parvum (1)

Blue berries

3

1 (33.3)

Cryptosporidium parvum (1)

Korea

Multiplex qPCR

Perilla leaves

72

5 (6.9)

Cryptosporidium spp. (5)

[24]

Winter-grown cabbage

70

4 (5.7)

Cryptosporidium spp. (4)

Chives

73

13 (17.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (13)

Sprouts

72

1 (1.4)

Cryptosporidium spp. (1)

Blueberries

44

3 (6.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (3)

Cherry tomatoes

73

5 (6.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (5)

Norway

Concentrated by IMS, and screening by light microscopy

Alfalfa sprouts

16

0

[35]

Dill

7

0

Lettuce

125

5 (4.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (5)

Mung bean sprouts

149

14 (9.4)

Cryptosporidium spp. (14)

Mushrooms

55

0

Parsley

7

0

Precut salad mix

38

0

Radish sprouts

6

0

Raspberries

10

0

Strawberries

62

0

Norway

Concentrated by IMS, and screening by light microscopy

Alfalfa

16

0

[82]

Mung bean

149

14 (9.4)

Cryptosporidium spp. (14)

Radish

6

0

Peru

Direct microscopic observation, acid-fast staining, and immunofluorescent assays

Vegetables

14.5

Cryptosporidium parvum

[83]

Poland

Separated by IMS and identified by immunofluorescence and DIC microscopy, and PCR identified

Fresh vegetables

128

6 (4.7)

Cryptosporidium parvum or C. hominis (6)

[25]

Fruits

35

0

Spain

Concentrated by IMS and stain oocysts for immunofluorescence assay

Chinese cabbage

6

2 (33.3)

Cryptosporidium spp. (2)

[11]

Lollo rosso lettuce

4

3 (75.0)

Cryptosporidium spp. (3)

Romaine lettuce

9

7 (77.8)

Cryptosporidium spp. (7)

Total

6210

375 (6.0)