Table 2 Contamination of vegetables and fruits with Giardia duodenalis

Bangladesh

Iodine and normal saline wet mount

Vegetables

200

2 (1.0)

[52]

Brazil

PCR

Lettuce and chicory

11

2 (18.2)

Assemblage BIV (2)

[39]

Brazil

Immunofluorescence, PCR

Arugula

4

2 (50.0)

Assemblage AII (2)

[28]

Chives

12

1 (8.3)

Assemblage AII (1)

Crisp lettuce

32

4 (12.5)

Assemblage AII (4)

Greens collard

24

1 (4.2)

Assemblage AI (1)

Parsley

12

2 (16.7)

Assemblage AII (2)

Watercress

12

4 (33.3)

Assemblage AII (4)

Wild chicory

12

2 (16.7)

Assemblage AII (2)

Brazil

Semi-nested PCR

Regular lettuce

60

8 (13.3)

Assemblage AI (4); Assemblage B (1); Assemblage E (1); N/D (2)

[44]

Crisp lettuce

100

5 (5.0)

Assemblage AI (2); N/D (3)

Chicory

60

5 (8.3)

Assemblage AI (3); N/D (2)

Rocket

20

1 (5.0)

N/D (1)

Kale

20

0

Brazil

PCR

Vegetables

21

10 (47.6)

Assemblage E (2); N/D (8)

[45]

Brazil

Sediment being stained in Lugolʼs solution

Lettuce

100

0

[15]

Coriander

100

1 (1.0)

Costa Rica

Direct smear, followed by light microscopy

Cilantro leaves

80

4 (5.0)

[79]

Cilantro roots

80

2 (2.5)

Egypt

Lugol’s iodine stain

Lettuce

101

16 (15.8)

[18]

Watercress

116

13 (11.2)

Parsley

102

12 (11.8)

Green onion

103

4 (3.9)

Leek

108

2 (1.9)

Ethiopia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Fruits and vegetables

360

27 (7.5)

[19]

Ethiopia

Sediment smear under light microscope

Fruits and vegetables

360

36 (10.0)

[32]

Ethiopia

Sediment smear under light microscope

Tomatoes

45

1 (2.2)

[43]

Lettuce

45

4 (8.8)

Carrot

45

7 (15.6)

Cabbage

45

8 (17.8)

Green pepper

45

6 (13.3)

Avocado

45

0

Ethiopia

Sediment smear and Lugol’s iodine stain

Tomato

100

0

[14]

Cabbage

96

16 (16.7)

Green pepper

66

4 (6.1)

Carrot

62

4 (6.5)

Salad

23

0

Ghana

Lugol’s iodine stain

Cabbage

90

5 (5.6)

[12]

Green pepper

55

3 (5.5)

Carrot

47

4 (8.5)

Onion

70

3 (4.3)

Tomato

31

2 (6.5)

Lettuce

102

5 (4.9)

India

DAPI-stain followed by fluorescence microscopy, and PCR

Cabbage

47

1 (2.1)

[13]

Carrot

25

1 (4.0)

Chili

42

4 (9.5)

Coriander

28

3 (10.7)

Cucumber

52

1 (1.9)

Assemblage D (1)

Tomatoes

56

2 (3.6)

Assemblage A (2)

Turnip

3

1 (33.3)

Iran

Lugol’s iodine stain

Vegetables

141

11 (7.8)

[84]

Iran

Sediment smear under light microscopy

Leek

30

3 (10.0)

[42]

Spring onion

22

0

Basil

15

1 (6.7)

Parsley

21

0

Lettuce

23

0

Cress

17

0

Spearmint

18

0

Tarragon

19

0

Coriander

24

0

Radish

29

0

Italy

Lugolʼs iodine satin and PCR

Ready-to-eat packaged salad

648

4 (0.6)

Assemblage A (4)

[23]

Jordan

Lugol’s iodine stain

Lettuce

30

7 (23.3)

[20]

Tomato

33

2 (6.1)

Parsley

42

0

Cucumber

28

0

Norway

Concentrated by IMS, and screening by light microscopy

Alfalfa sprouts

16

0

[35]

Dill

7

2 (28.6)

Lettuce

125

2 (1.6)

Mung bean sprouts

149

3 (2.0)

Mushrooms

55

0

Parsley

7

0

Precut salad mix

38

0

Radish sprouts

6

1 (16.7)

Raspberries

10

0

Strawberries

62

2 (3.2)

Norway

Concentrated by IMS, and screening by light microscopy

Alfalfa

16

0

[82]

Mung bean

149

3 (2.0)

Radish

6

1 (16.7)

Saudi Arabia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Green onion

50

0

[17]

Watercress

50

0

Lettuce

50

0

Cucumber

50

0

Cabbage

50

0

Pea

50

0

Tomato

50

0

Carrot

50

4 (8.0)

Spain

Concentrated by IMS and stain cysts for immunofluorescence assay

Chinese cabbage

6

2 (33.3)

[11]

Lollo rosso lettuce

4

3 (75.0)

Romaine lettuce

9

5 (55.6)

Sudan

Lugol’s iodine stain

Tomatoes

36

1 (2.8)

[29]

Cucumber

12

0

Armenian cucumber

16

0

Green pepper

25

1 (4.0)

Cayenne pepper

7

0

Radish

24

1 (4.2)

Beet

19

0

Watercress

23

2 (8.7)

Lettuce

11

1 (9.1)

Green onion

36

1 (2.8)

Carrot

50

1 (2.0)

Total

5739

276 (4.8)