Table 4 Contamination of vegetables and fruits with Entamoeba spp.

Bangladesh

Wet mount

Vegetables

200

17 (8.5)

Entamoeba histolytica

[52]

Brazil

Direct smear, followed by light microscopy

Lettuce

30

3 (10.0)

Entamoeba coli (3)

[85]

Brazil

Lugol’s iodine stain

Loose leaf lettuce^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

[30]

Red lettuce^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Curly lettuce^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Iceberg lettuce^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Parsley^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Chive^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Coriander^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Basil^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Arugula^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Chicory^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Kale^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Bean sprouts^a

1

1

Entamoeba sp.

Brazil

Sediment smear, followed by light microscopy

Vegetables

100

32 (32.0)

Entamoeba spp. (32)

[86]

Brazil

Sediment being stained in Lugolʼs solution

Lettuce

100

9 (9.0)

Entamoeba histolytica (9)

[15]

Lettuce

100

4 (4.0)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Coriander

100

11 (11.0)

Entamoeba histolytica (11)

Coriander

100

4 (4.0)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Cameroon

Lugol’s iodine stain

Green cabbage

30

5 (16.7)

Entamoeba spp. (5)

[66]

Red cabbage

30

3 (10.0)

Entamoeba spp. (3)

Lettuce

30

9 (30.0)

Entamoeba spp. (9)

Cucumber

30

5 (16.7)

Entamoeba spp. (5)

Carrots

30

3 (10.0)

Entamoeba spp. (3)

Green pepper

30

5 (16.7)

Entamoeba spp. (5)

Costa Rica

Direct smear, followed by light microscopy

Cilantro leaves

80

5 (6.2)

Entamoeba histolytica (5)

[79]

Cilantro roots

80

2 (2.5)

Entamoeba histolytica (2)

Lettuce

80

3 (3.8)

Entamoeba histolytica (3)

Radish

80

2 (2.5)

Entamoeba histolytica (2)

Egypt

Lugol’s iodine stain

Lettuce

101

14 (13.9)

Entamoeba spp. (14)

[18]

Watercress

116

9 (7.8)

Entamoeba spp. (9)

Parsley

102

8 (7.8)

Entamoeba spp. (8)

Green onion

103

2 (1.9)

Entamoeba spp. (2)

Leek

108

3 (2.8)

Entamoeba spp. (3)

Ethiopia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Fruits and vegetables

360

19 (5.3)

Entamoeba histolytica/E.dispar (19)

[19]

Ethiopia

Sediment smear

Fruits and vegetables

360

52 (14.4)

E. histolytica/dispar (52)

[32]

Ethiopia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Tomato

100

22 (22.0)

E. histolytica (22)

[14]

Cabbage

96

0

Green pepper

66

0

Carrot

62

7 (11.3)

E. histolytica (7)

Salad

23

0

Ethiopia

Sediment smear under light microscope

Tomatoes

45

1 (2.2)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (1)

[43]

Lettuce

45

4 (8.8)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (4)

Carrot

45

6 (13.3)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (6)

Cabbage

45

7 (15.6)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (7)

Green pepper

45

5 (11.1)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (5)

Avocado

45

5 (11.1)

E. histolytica/E. dispar (5)

Ghana

Lugol’s iodine stain

Cabbage

90

5 (5.6)

Entamoeba coli (5)

[12]

Green pepper

55

4 (7.3)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Onion

70

2 (2.9)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Tomato

31

2 (6.5)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Lettuce

102

4 (3.9)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Ghana

Lugol’s iodine stain

Cabbage

90

11 (12.2)

Entamoeba histolytica (11)

Carrot

47

4 (8.5)

Entamoeba histolytica (4)

Onion

70

2 (2.9)

Entamoeba histolytica (2)

Tomato

31

4 (12.9)

Entamoeba histolytica (4)

Lettuce

102

6 (5.9)

Entamoeba histolytica (6)

Iran

Lugol’s iodine stain

Vegetables

141

18 (12.8)

Entamoeba coli (18)

[84]

Iran

Sediment smear under light microscopy

Leek

30

0

[42]

Spring onion

22

2 (9.1)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Basil

15

0

Parsley

21

0

Lettuce

23

0

Cress

17

1 (5.9)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Spearmint

18

0

Tarragon

19

1 (5.3)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Coriander

24

2 (8.3)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Radish

29

0

Iran

Sediment smear under light microscopy

Leek

30

2 (6.7)

Entamoeba histolytica (2)

[42]

Spring onion

22

0

Basil

15

0

Parsley

21

0

Lettuce

23

0

Cress

17

0

Spearmint

18

1 (5.6)

Entamoeba histolytica (1)

Tarragon

19

0

Coriander

24

0

Radish

29

0

Iran

Lugol’s iodine stain

Vegetables

34

1 (2.9)

Entamoeba coli (1)

[72]

Jordan

Lugol’s iodine stain

Lettuce

30

3 (10.0)

Entamoeba histolytica (3)

[20]

Tomato

33

2 (6.1)

Entamoeba histolytica (2)

Parsley

42

0

Cucumber

28

0

Saudi Arabia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Green onion

50

6 (12.0)

Entamoeba spp. (6)

[17]

Watercress

50

8 (16.0)

Entamoeba spp. (8)

Lettuce

50

6 (12.0)

Entamoeba spp. (6)

Cucumber

50

7 (14.0)

Entamoeba spp. (7)

Cabbage

50

6 (12.0)

Entamoeba spp. (6)

Pea

50

5 (10.0)

Entamoeba spp. (5)

Tomato

50

0

Carrot

50

6 (12.0)

Entamoeba spp. (6)

Saudi Arabia

Lugol’s iodine stain

Green onion

50

3 (6.0)

Entamoeba coli (3)

Watercress

50

4 (8.0)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Lettuce

50

2 (4.0)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Cucumber

50

2 (4.0)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Cabbage

50

4 (8.0)

Entamoeba coli (4)

Pea

50

3 (6.0)

Entamoeba coli (3)

Tomato

50

2 (4.0)

Entamoeba coli (2)

Carrot

50

3 (6.0)

Entamoeba coli (3)

Sudan

Lugol’s iodine stain

Tomatoes

36

1 (2.8)

Entamoeba coli (1)

[29]

Cucumber

12

0

Armenian cucumber

16

0

Green pepper

25

0

Cayenne pepper

7

0

Radish

24

1 (4.2)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Beet

19

1 (5.3)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Watercress

23

1 (4.3)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Lettuce

11

1 (9.1)

Entamoeba coli (1)

Green onion

36

0

Carrot

50

0

Sudan

Lugol’s iodine stain

Tomatoes

36

1 (2.8)

Entamoeba spp. (1)

[29]

Cucumber

12

0

Armenian cucumber

16

2 (12.5)

Entamoeba spp. (2)

Green pepper

25

1 (4.0)

Entamoeba spp. (1)

Cayenne pepper

7

0

Radish

24

0

Beet

19

1 (5.3)

Entamoeba spp. (1)

Watercress

23

1 (4.3)

Entamoeba spp. (1)

Lettuce

11

2 (18.2)

Entamoeba spp. (2)

Green onion

36

4 (11.1)

Entamoeba spp. (4)

Carrot

50

3 (6.0)

Entamoeba spp. (3)

Total

5647

199 (3.5)