Fig. 2

Overview of the research data and methods. See Methods section for details. Abbreviations: MaxEnt, maximum entropy; MESS: multivariate environmental similarity surface; CHELSA, climatologies at high resolution for the earth’s land surface areas; ASTER, advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer; GDEM, global digital elevation model; MOD13Q1, terra moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer vegetation indices; EVI, enhanced vegetation index; Tmean, mean temperature; Pseas, precipitation seasonality; EVIdry, enhanced vegetation index in the dry season; Pdry, precipitation in the driest months; Pmean, mean precipitation; Cliffs, ordinal categorical values indicating cliffs between 20–40% and above 40%; EVIwet, enhanced vegetation index in the wet season; AUC, area under the curve