Fig. 4

Kinetics of the appearance of IgA⁺ and IgE⁺ cells in the small intestine during early T. spiralis infection. Cells were counted at different dpi in tissue sections at 1000× magnification per 15 villous crypt units (VCU) by two independent observers. Results are expressed as numbers of positive cells mean/VCU ± SD from 5 rats/dpi and 5 control rats. Data were analysed by adjusting to the negative binomial distribution followed by the Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (MASS and multcomp packages, respectively). Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between infected and non-infected animals: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. Numerals (#) above bars indicate significant differences between days: ^#P < 0.05, ^##P < 0.01