Fig. 4

Mutation pathways connecting codon 198 variants found in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of Haemonchus contortus. The susceptible genotype is shown in green, variants known to confer benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes in red, variants implicated in benzimidazole resistance in fungi in orange and variants suspected to confer resistance in due to similarity with other amino acids in yellow. Black and grey arrows indicate transversions and transitions, respectively. In the amino acid structures, blue, dark green and dark violet highlight negatively charged, hydrophobic aliphatic and positively charged groups