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Table 1 Combined results of the serological and molecular analyses performed to assess the contact of kennelled dogs to Leishmania parasites at the beginning and end of sand fly season

From: Monitoring Leishmania infection and exposure to Phlebotomus perniciosus using minimal and non-invasive canine samples

Diagnostic test

Sand fly season (n = 208)

ELISA

IFAT

Peripheral blood PCR

Conjunctival swab PCRa

Start, n (%)

End, n (%)

111 (53.4)

92 (44.2)

+

0 (0)

47 (22.6)

+

71 (34.1)

24 (11.5)

+

0 (0)

0 (0)

+

4 (1.9)

5 (2.4)

+

+

0 (0)

15 (7.2)

+

+

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

+

+

0 (0)

0 (0)

+

+

0 (0)

4 (1.9)

+

+

8 (3.8)

0 (0)

+

+

8 (3.8)

9 (4.3)

+

+

+

0 (0)

0 (0)

+

+

+

6 2.9)

6 (2.9)

+

+

+

0 (0)

4 (1.9)

+

+

+

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

+

+

+

+

0 (0)

0 (0)

  1. aAll negative at the beginning of the sand fly season
  2. Abbreviations: ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; IFAT, immunofluorescence antibody test; PCR, polymerase chain reaction