|
Temperature (°C)
|
RH (%)
|
Saturation deficit (mmHg)
|
Larvae
|
Nymphs
|
|---|
|
Premoulta
|
Moultingb
|
Premoulta
|
Moultingb
|
|---|
|
Time (days)
|
Survival %
|
Time (days)
|
Survival %
|
Time (days)
|
Survival %
|
Time (days)
|
Survival %
|
|---|
|
5
|
64 ± 0.50
|
1–2
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
77 ± 0.62
|
1–2
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
92 ± 1.86
|
< 1
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
10
|
62 ± 0.47
|
3–4
| |
0
| |
0
|
71 ± 1.70
|
100
|
6.3 ± 1.7
|
100
|
|
83 ± 0.48
|
1–2
| |
0
| |
0
|
71 ± 0.84
|
100
|
7.4 ± 0.8
|
100
|
|
94 ± 0.45
|
< 1
|
64 ± 4.39
|
100
|
9.8 ± 3.7
|
100
|
78 ± 0.84
|
100
|
6.6 ± 0.8
|
100
|
|
95 ± 0.86
|
< 1
|
78 ± 1.23
|
100
|
18.3 ± 5.02
|
100
|
78 ± 1.33
|
100
|
7 ± 1.3
|
100
|
|
15
|
67 ± 1.18
|
4–5
| |
0
| |
0
|
71
|
100
|
7
|
30
|
|
94 ± 0.1.53
|
< 1
|
57 ± 1.41
|
100
|
14.9 ± 1.4
|
100
|
50 ± 0.95
|
100
|
6.7 ± 0.9
|
100
|
|
96 ± 2.56
|
< 1
|
57 ± 1.33
|
100
|
14.75 ± 1.3
|
100
|
36 ± 0.84
|
100
|
7.4 ± 0.8
|
100
|
|
20
|
63 ± 0.58
|
6–8
| |
0
| |
0
|
62 ± 1.51
|
100
| |
0
|
|
65 ± 0.61
|
6–8
| |
0
| |
0
|
66 ± 1.03
|
100
|
9
|
20
|
|
66 ± 0.71
|
5–6
|
52 ± 0.67
|
100
|
14.15 ± 0.7
|
100
|
38 ± 0
|
100
|
12.6 ± 2.95
|
100
|
|
86 ± 1.58
|
2–3
|
73 ± 0.82
|
100
|
6.6 ± 0.8
|
100
|
66 ± 1.93
|
100
|
14 ± 4.8
|
100
|
|
25
|
64 ± 0.71
|
8–10
|
35
|
60
|
7
|
60
|
35 ± 15.65
|
50
|
8.8 ± 2.5
|
10
|
|
67 ± 1.82
|
8
| |
0
| |
0
|
56
|
10
| |
0
|
|
74 ± 0.56
|
6
| |
0
| |
0
|
70
|
100
| |
0
|
|
84 ± 0.98
|
3–4
| |
0
| |
0
|
35 ± 1.64
|
50
|
7
|
30
|
|
88 ± 1.2
|
3
| |
0
| |
0
|
70 ± 2.54
|
90
|
9 ± 1.7
|
90
|
|
98 ± 0.23
|
< 1
| |
0
| |
0
|
28
|
70
|
7
|
40
|
|
30
|
67 ± 0.87
|
10–12
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
73 ± 1.60
|
8–10
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
73 ± 0.6
|
8–10
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
82 ± 2.01
|
5–6
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
85 ± 0.17
|
4–5
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
|
99 ± 1.80
|
< 1
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
| |
0
|
- Values in table are presented as the mean ± standard deviation
- There were 20 larvae and 10 nymphs at each temperature and RH combination
- The saturation deficit of air in each chamber was calculated using the formula from Randolph and Storey [27]
- a Pre-moult refers to the number of ticks that survived and started moulting
- bMoulting refers to the actual time of moulting from attachment to complete emergence
