Table 2 Risk factors associated with seroprevalence rates of VBDs among dogs in Egypt with single and mixed infection (n = 91) according to different variables

Governate

 Cairo

230

24 (10.4)

7.1–15

χ² = 6.091

df = 4

P = 0.2

15 (6.5)

3.9–10.5

χ² = 5.694

df = 4

P = 0.2

5 (2.2)

0.9–4.9

χ² = 2.813

df = 4

P = 0.6

4 (1.7)

0.6–4.3

χ² = 1.782

df = 4

P = 0.7

 Giza

110

19 (17.2)

11.3–25.4

12 (10.9)

6.3–18.1

2 (1.8)

0.5–6.3

2 (1.8)

0.5–6.3

 Al-Qalyubia

60

6 (10)

4.6–20.1

2 (3.3)

0.9–11.3

2 (3.3)

0.9–11.3

1 (1.6)

0.3–8.8

 Al-Gharbia

60

4 (6.6)

2.6–15.9

3 (5)

1.7–13.7

0

0–6

0

0–6

 Kafr El-Sheikh

40

3 (7.5)

2.5–19.8

1 (2.5)

0.4–12.8

0

0–8.7

0

0–8.7

Keeping condition

 Indoor

310

12 (3.8)

2.2–6.6

χ² = 44.060

df = 1

P = 0.0001

9 (2.9)

1.5–5.4

χ² = 18.086

df = 1

P = 0.0001

2 (0.6)

0.2–2.3

χ² = 6.155

df = 1

P = 0.03

2 (0.6)

0.1–2.3

χ² = 2.071

df = 1

P = 0.1

 Outdoor

190

44 (23.2)

17.7–29.6

24 (12.6)

8.6–18.1

7 (3.6)

1.7–7.4

5 (2.6)

1.1–6.1

Sex

 Male

230

16 (6.9)

4.1–11

χ² = 7.712

df = 1

P = 0.005

11 (4.7)

2.6–8.3

χ² = 1.525

df = 1

P = 0.6

2 (0.8)

0.2–3.1

χ² = 2.086

df = 1

P = 0.2

2(0.8)

0.2–3.1

χ² = 0.868

df = 1

P = 0.3

 Female

270

40 (14.8)

11.1–19.5

22 (8.2)

5.4–12

7 (2.5)

1.2–5.2

5 (1.8)

0.7–4.2

Age

 < 1 year

30

3 (10)

3.4–25.6

χ² = 7.525

df = 3

P = 0.06

2 (6.6)

1.8–21.3

χ² = 2.1.525

df = 3

P = 0.6

1(3.3.)

0.5–16.6

χ² = 2.992

df = 3

P = 0.4

0

0–11.3

χ² = 1.525

df = 3

P = 0.6

 1–3 years

210

16 (7.6)

4.7–12

11 (5.2)

2.9–9.1

2 (0.9)

0.2–3.4

2 (0.9)

0.2–3.4

 3–5 years

22 (12.2)

8.2–17.8

15 (8.3)

5.1–13.3

3 (1.6)

0.5–4.7

3 (1.6)

0.5–4.7

 > 5 years

15 (18.7)

11.7–28.6

5 (6.2)

2.7–13.8

3 (3.7)

1.2–10.4

2 (2.5)

0.6–8.6

Breed

German  Shepherd

260

38 (14.6)

10.8–19.4

χ² = 6.870

df = 2

P = 0.03

24 (9.2)

6.2–13.3

χ² = 6.290

df = 2

P = 0.04

6 (2.3)

1.1–4.9

χ² = 1.161

df = 2

P = 0.5

4 (1.5)

0.6–3.8

χ2 = 0.550

df = 2

P = 0.7

 Rottweiler

110

10 (9.1)

5–15.9

5 (4.5)

1.9–10.2

2 (1.8)

0.5–6.3

2 (1.8)

0.5–6.3

 Pit Bull

130

8 (6.2)

3.1–11.6

4 (3.1)

1.2–7.6

1 (0.7)

0.1–4.2

1 (0.7)

0.1–4.2

Season

 Spring

190

26 (13.6)

9.5–19.3

χ² = 4.416

df = 3

P = 0.2

12 (6.3)

3.6–10.7

χ² = 3.938

df = 3

P = 0.3

4 (2.1)

0.8–5.2

χ² = 1.400

df = 3

P = 0.7

3 (2.1)

0.8–5.2

χ² = 2.955

df = 3

P = 0.4

 Summer

175

21 (12)

7.9–17.6

16 (9.1)

5.7–14.3

4 (2.2)

0.8–5.7

4 (2.2)

0.8–5.7

 Autumn

90

7 (7.7)

3.8–15.2

4 (4.4)

1.7–10.8

1 (1.1)

0.2–6

0

0.0–5.1

 Winter

45

2 (4.4)

1.2–14.8

1 (2.2)

0.3–11.5

0

0.0–9.8

0

0.0–9.8

Weekly sanitation of the dog enclosures

 Yes

370

23 (6.2)

4.2–9.2

χ² = 35.346

df = 1

P = 0.0001

10 (2.7)

1.4–4.9

χ² = 35.064

df = 1

P = 0.0001

2 (0.5)

0.1–1.9

χ² = 12.771

df = 1

P = 0.002

2 (0.5)

0.1–1.9

χ² = 7.615

df = 1

P = 0.02

 No

130

33(25.3)

18.6–33.4

23 (18.5)

12.7–26

7 (5.4)

2.6–10.6

5 (3.8)

1.6–8.6

Presence of tick on the dog body

 Yes

140

48 (34.3)

26.9–42.5

χ² = 104.196

df = 1

P = 0.0001

22 (15.7)

10.6–22.6

χ² = 26.203

df = 1

P = 0.0001

7(5)

2.4–9.9

χ² = 11.264

df = 1

P = 0.003

5 (3.5)

1.5–8.1

χ² = 6.642

df = 1

P = 0.02

 No

360

8 (2.2)

1.1–4.3

11 (3.1)

1.7–5.3

2 (0.5)

2 (0.5)

0.1–2

Tri-monthly application of ectoparasiticides

 Yes

370

24 (6.4)

4.4–9.4

χ² = 31.790

df = 1

P = 0.0001

11 (2.9)

1.6–5.2

χ² = 30.370

df = 1

P = 0.0001

2 (0.5)

0.1–1.9

χ² = 8.604

df = 1

P = 0.007

2 (0.5)

0.1–1.9

χ² = 7.615

df = 1

P = 0.02

 No

130

32 (24.6)

18–32.6

22 (16.9)

11.4–24.2

7 (5.4)

2.6–10.6

5 (3.8)

1.6–8.6

 Total

500

56 (11.2)

8.7–14.3

33 (6.6)

4.7–9.1

9 (1.8)

0.9–3.3

7 (1.4)

0.9–2.9