Spatial and seasonal distribution of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ingwavuma, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for schistosomiasis transmission at micro-geographical scale

Manyangadze, Tawanda; Chimbari, Moses John; Rubaba, Owen; Soko, White; Mukaratirwa, Samson

doi:10.1186/s13071-021-04720-7

Table 1 Summary of properties of climatic and environmental exploratory variables for Bulinus globosus, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and shedding B. globosus from negative binomial regression GLMM in “glmmTMB package in R3.6.1”

From: Spatial and seasonal distribution of Bulinus globosus and Biomphalaria pfeifferi in Ingwavuma, uMkhanyakude district, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for schistosomiasis transmission at micro-geographical scale

Species	Fixed variables	Estimate	Confidence interval (CI)	p-value	Random effects^a
Species	Fixed variables	Estimate	Confidence interval (CI)	p-value	Variance	Standard deviation
Bulinus globosus	Intercept	2.727	− 1.976 to 7.430	0.256	2.069	1.438
	Rainfall	− 0.023	− 0.043 to − 0.003	0.022*
	Minimum LST	0.206	− 0.470 to 0.058	0.126
	Maximum LST	0.071	− 0.086 to 0.228	0.374
	Water pH	− 0.1235	− 0.471 to 0.201	0.452
	Dissolved oxygen	0.007	− 0.001 to 0.016	0.076
	Habitat—streams	− 0.210	− 1.979 to 1.559	0.816
	Season—hot dry	0.475	− 0.490 to 1.441	0.335
	Season—post rainy	0.155	− 1.077 to 1.387	0.806
	Season—rainy	0.871	− 1.800 to 3.541	0.523
Biomphalaria pfeifferi	Intercept	6.126	− 2.980 to 15.233	0.187	10.22	3.197
	Rainfall	0.012	− 0.016 to 0.039	0.410
	Minimum LST	− 0.535	− 0.933 to − 0.138	0.008*
	Maximum LST	− 0.023	− 0.202 to 0.157	0.804
	Water pH	− 0.506	− 1.097 to 0.087	0.094
	Dissolved oxygen	0.015	0.003 to 0.026	0.012*
	Habitat—streams	4.214	− 0.323 to 8.751	0.069
	Season—hot dry	− 0.923	− 2.581 to 0.736	0.275
	Season—post rainy	− 0.205	− 1.726 to 1.317	0.792
	Season—rainy	− 16.72	− 150.11 to 149.36	0.998
Shedding Bulinus globosus	Intercept	− 5.361	− 13.219 to 2.498	0.181	3.229	1.797
	Rainfall	− 0.022	− 0.066 to 0.022	0.321
	Minimum LST	− 0.298	− 0.856 to 0.259	0.295
	Maximum LST	0.134	− 0.167 to 0.436	0.384
	Water pH	0.412	− 0.084 to 0.907	0.103
	Dissolved oxygen	0.011	− 0.003 to 0.025	0.109
	Habitat—streams	− 0.083	− 2.608 to 2.441	0.948
	Season—hot dry	− 0.645	− 2.256 to 0.965	0.432
	Season—post rainy	− 0.086	− 2.746 to 2.574	0.950
	Season—rainy	1.624	− 3.413 to 6.661	0.527

LST Land surface temperature
*Significant at p < 0.05
^aSampling sites was the random effect. Reference category for seasons was cold dry season and for the habitats it was dams

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ISSN: 1756-3305

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