Table 1 A list of studies detecting co-infections by homologous parasites in amphibians

Field studies

 Ambystoma tigrinum

Juvenile and adult

Acinetobacter calcoaceticus or A. haemolyticus

Mass mortality

Not specified

[209]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Rana muscosa

Adult

Aeromonas hydrophila

Mass mortality and local extinction, bacteria isolated from a dead individual collected in the field

Not specified

[210]

Enterobacter aerogenes

 Rana muscosa

Adult

Enterobacter aerogenes

Mass mortality and local extinction, bacteria isolated from a dead individual collected in the field

Not specified

[210]

Enterobacter agglomerans

 Notophthalmus viridescens

Not specified

Achlya sp.

Not specified

Not specified

[211]

Saprolegnia parasitica

 Atelopus mittermeieri

Adult

Bd

Isolated from a dead individual collected in the field

Not specified

[212]

Saprolegnia sp.

 Pseudacris regilla

Larval

Ribeiroia ondatrae

Not specified

Parasites significantly more likely to co-occur in the field than expected by chance

[131]

Echinostoma trivolvis

Studies on captive populations

 Andrias davidianus

Egg and embryo

Aeromonas hydrophila

Abnormal embryonic development

Not specified

[213]

Cetobacterium somerae

Hafnia alvei

 Bombina orientalis

Juvenile

Aeromonas hydrophila

Severe ocular and inner ear disease

Not specified

[214]

Citrobacter freundii

Unknown Gram-negative bacillus

 Bombina orientalis

Juvenile

Aeromonas hydrophila

Severe ocular and inner ear disease

Not specified

[214]

Providencia alcalifaciens

Klebsiella oxytoca

 Bombina orientalis

Juvenile

Providencia alcalifaciens

Severe ocular and inner ear disease

Not specified

[214]

Unknown Gram-negative bacillus