Table 1 Summary of the most relevant results regarding clinical signs, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, serological results and parasite detection in experimentally infected calves [17] and naturally infected bulls [6]
From: Changes in serum biomarkers of inflammation in bovine besnoitiosis
Group | No. animals | Systemic clinical signs/ lesions | Lesions in testicles | Parasite DNA detection | Immune response | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Macroscopic lesions | Microscopic findings | Humoral | Cellular (IFN) | ||||||||
IgM | IgG | WB | IgG Avidity | Innate | Adaptive | ||||||
G1 intravenous inoculation | 3 | Fever (1 day), lymphadenopathy, congestive ocular sclera, cough, nasal discharge and ocular tissue cysts | Not detected | Inflammatory infiltration, thrombus in epididymis and scrotum | Yes | Seroconversion at 12 dpi | Seroconversion at 19 dpi | Pos | Low | Peak at 12 dpi | Peak at 19 dpi |
G2 subcutaneous inoculation | 3 | Fever (7 days), lymphadenopathy, congestive ocular sclera, Cough, nasal discharge ocular tissue cysts | Not detected | Inflammatory infiltration, oedema and thrombus in the scrotum | Yes | Seroconversion at 19 dpi | Seroconversion at 22 dpi | Pos | Low | Peak at 20 dpi | Peak at 12 dpi |
G3 intradermal inoculation | 3 | Fever (8 days), lymphadenopathy, congestive ocular sclera, cough and nasal discharge, large number of ocular tissue cysts and skin lesions | Not detected | Inflammatory infiltration, oedema and thrombus in the scrotum and epididymis hyperkeratosis in scrotum and tissue cysts (average diameter of tissue cysts in G3 = 143.8 μm) | Yes | Seroconversion at 19 dpi | Seroconversion at 25 dpi | Pos | Low | Peak at 22 dpi | Peak at 19 dpi |
G4 non-infected control group | 3 | No clinical signs and/or lesions | No lesions | No lesions | No | Seronegative | Seronegative | Neg | nd | Neg | Neg |