Fig. 4a–c

The expression of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) on Tfh cells and the expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on MDSC infected with Schistosoma japonicum. Each mouse was infected with 20 cercariae of S. japonicum and five mice were sacrificed at 0 (before infection) and 3, 5, and 8 weeks (wk) post-infection. Single-cell suspensions of splenocytes were stained with anti-CD4 FITC, anti-CXCR5 APC, anti-PD-1 PE (for Tfh cells) and anti-CD11b APC, anti-Gr-1 PerCP-cy5.5, anti-PD-L1 PE (for MDSC cells). a The expression of PD-1 on Tfh cells of mice infected with S. japonicum. b The expression of PD-L1 on MDSC of mice infected with S. japonicum. c The expression and trend of PD-1 and PD-L1 at different infection times (0, 3, 5, 8 weeks). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. For other abbreviations, see Figs. 1 and 2