From: Identification of asymptomatic Leishmania infections: a scoping review
Authors | Year | Country | Size (n) | Type of leishmaniasis | Clinical manifestation | VL history | Study population | Species | Objective | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WHO African Region | ||||||||||
 Bejano et al. | 2021 | Ethiopia | 1342 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [20] |
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Tadese et al. | 2019 | Ethiopia | 1099 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Prevalence | [21] |
 Ayehu et al. | 2018 | Ethiopia | 185 | VL | IC | None | Laborers | L. donovani | Prevalence | [22] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Custodio et al. | 2012 | Ethiopia | 639 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Risk factors | [23] |
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Gadisa et al. | 2012 | Ethiopia | 605 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [24] |
 Griensven et al. | 2019 | Ethiopia | 511 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Prevalence | [13] |
Incidence | ||||||||||
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Adriaensen et al. | 2018 | Ethiopia | 35 | VL | HIV | Yes | Volunteers | L. donovani | Immunological biomarkers | [25] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
WHO South-East Asia Region | ||||||||||
 Basnyat et al. | 2021 | Nepal | 189 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [26] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Cloots et al. | 2021 | India | 94 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [27] |
 Owen et al. | 2021 | Bangladesh | 720 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [28] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Johanson et al. | 2020 | India | 109 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [29] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Chakravarty et al. | 2019 | India | 1606 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [18] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Mondal et al. | 2019 | Bangladesh | 200 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Immunological biomarkers | [30] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Singh et al. | 2018 | India | 64 | VL | IC | nd | Volunteers | L. donovani | Immunological biomarkers | [31] |
 Kaushal et al. | 2017 | India | 246 | VL | IC | Yes | Volunteers | L. donovani | Prevalence | [32] |
 Saha et al. | 2017 | India | 2603 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Prevalence | [33] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Banu et al. | 2016 | Bangladesh, Australia | 706 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors and volunteers | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [34] |
 Banu et al. | 2016 | Bangladesh | 257 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [35] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Das et al. | 2016 | India | 5144 | VL and PKDL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Leishmaniasis contacts | [36] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
Timilsina et  al. | 2016 | Nepal | 507 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. donovani | Prevalence | [37] |
 Vallur et al. | 2016 | Bangladesh | 104 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [38] |
 Picado et al. | 2014 | India and Nepal | 510 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Risk factors | [39] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Sudarshan et al. | 2014 | India | 130 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [40] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Sudarshan et al. | 2014 | India | 1469 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [41] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Huda et al. | 2013 | Bangladesh | 1195 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. donovani | Prevalence | [42] |
 Srivastava et al. | 2013 | India | 286 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [43] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Ostyn et al. | 2011 | India and Nepal | 9034 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. donovani | Disease progression | [44] |
 Topno et al. | 2010 | India | 335 | VL | IC | Yes | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [45] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Bhattarai et al. | 2009 | Nepal | 231 | PKDL | IC |  | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [46] |
 Gidwani et al. | 2009 | India | 870 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [47] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
Disease progression | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Sinha et al. | 2008 | India | 172 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [48] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Bern et al. | 2007 | Bangladesh | 1379 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. donovani | Incidence | [49] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Chowdhury et al. | 1993 | Bangladesh | 17 826 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Test evaluation | [50] |
Prevalence | ||||||||||
WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region | ||||||||||
 Mody et al. | 2019 | Iraq | 200 | VL | IC | Yes | Soldiers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [51] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Gigloo et al. | 2018 | Iran | 617 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. infantum | Prevalence | [52] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Asfaram et al. | 2017 | Iran | 600 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [53] |
 Sarkari et al. | 2015 | Iran | 2003 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [54] |
 Mohammadiha et al. | 2013 | Iran | 82 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [55] |
 Sassi et al. | 2012 | Tunisia | 119 | VL and CL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. infantum and L. major | Test evaluation | [56] |
Households | ||||||||||
 Saghrouni et al. | 2012 | Tunisia | 94 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. infantum and L. major | Frequency | [57] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Alborzi et al. | 2008 | Iran | 388 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers |  | Prevalence | [58] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Fakhar et al. | 2008 | Iran | 802 | VL | IC | Yes | Households | L. infantum | Prevalence | [59] |
 Sassi et al. | 1999 | Tunisia | 45 | CL | IC |  | Volunteers | L. major | Immunological biomarkers | [60] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Echchakery et al. | 2018 | Morocco | 200 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [61] |
 Rezaei et al. | 2018 | Iran | 251 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [62] |
WHO European Region | ||||||||||
 Molina et al. | 2020 | Spain | 50 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Epidemiology | [63] |
 Ortalli et al. | 2020 | Italy | 240 | nd | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [11] |
 Aliaga et al. | 2019 | Spain | 1260 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [64] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Ibarra-Meneses et al. | 2019 | Spain | 805 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [12] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Ibarra-Meneses et al. | 2017 | Spain | 40 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Immunological biomarkers | [65] |
 Ibarra-Meneses et al. | 2017 | Spain and Bangladesh | 305 and 25 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors and volunteers | L. infantum | Immunological biomarkers | [66] |
L. donovani | ||||||||||
 Ibarra-Meneses et al. | 2016 | Spain | 47 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Immunological biomarkers | [67] |
 Pérez-Cutillas et al. | 2015 | Spain | 657 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [68] |
Spatial distribution | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Ates et al. | 2013 | Turkey | 343 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [69] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Sisko-Kraljevic et al. | 2013 | Croatia | 2035 | VL | IC | nd | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [70] |
 Ates et al. | 2012 | Turkey | 188 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [71] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Riera et al. | 2008 | Spain | 1437 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [72] |
 Scarlata et al. | 2008 | Italy | 1449 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [73] |
 Sakru et al. | 2007 | Turkey | 82 | VL | IC | nd | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [74] |
 Papadopoulou et al. | 2005 | Greece | 1200 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [75] |
 Riera et al. | 2004 | Spain | 656 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [76] |
 Adini et al. | 2003 | Israel | 2580 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. donovani | Prevalence | [77] |
 Fichoux et al. | 1999 | France | 565 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [78] |
 Federico et al. | 1991 | Italy | 591 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [79] |
 Botana et al. | 2019 | Spain | 82 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Immunological biomarkers | [80] |
 Ena et al. | 2014 | Spain | 179 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [81] |
 Colomba et al. | 2009 | Italy | 145 | VL | HIV | Yes | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [82] |
Infection markers | ||||||||||
 Garcia-Garcia et al. | 2006 | Spain | 92 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [83] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Pineda et al. | 1998 | Spain | 291 | VL | HIV | Yes | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [84] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Botana et al. | 2021 | Spain | 94 | VL | IS | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Immunological biomarkers | [85] |
Prevalence | ||||||||||
 Guillen et al. | 2020 | Spain | 192 | VL | IS | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [86] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Mary et al. | 2006 | France | 111 | VL | IC, HIV, and IS | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [87] |
 Comai et al. | 2021 | Italy | 119 | VL | SOT | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [17] |
 Elmahallawy et al. | 2015 | Spain | 625 | VL | SOT | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [88] |
Region of the Americas | ||||||||||
 Silva et al. | 2020 | Brazil | 500 | VL | IC | nd | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [89] |
L. braziliensis | ||||||||||
 Porcino et al. | 2019 | Brazil | 132 | VL | IC and VL | nd | Volunteers | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [90] |
Immunological biomarkers | ||||||||||
 Ferreira-Silva et al. | 2018 | Brazil | 608 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [91] |
 Marques et al. | 2017 | Brazil | 935 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [92] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Medeiros et al. | 2017 | Brazil | 33 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [93] |
 Braga et al. | 2015 | Brazil | 176 | CL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. braziliensis | Prevalence | [94] |
 Fukutani et al. | 2014 | Brazil | 700 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. infantum | Prevalence | [95] |
L. amazonensis | ||||||||||
 Franca et al. | 2013 | Brazil | 430 | VL | IC | None | Blood donors | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [96] |
 Silva et al. | 2013 | Brazil | 149 | VL | IC | Yes | Volunteers | L. chagasi | Disease progression | [97] |
 Añez et al. | 2012 | Venezuela | 1036 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. infantum | Prevalence | [98] |
 Santos et al. | 2012 | Brazil | 1875 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. infantum | Disease progression | [99] |
 Lima et al. | 2012 | Brazil | 345 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [100] |
 Carneiro et al. | 2011 | Brazil | 1604 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. infantum | Test evaluation | [101] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Silva et al. | 2011 | Brazil | 246 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. chagasi | Disease progression | [102] |
 Crescente et al. | 2009 | Brazil | 946 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [103] |
 Romero et al. | 2009 | Brazil | 1017 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. chagasi | Test evaluation | [104] |
 Viana et al. | 2008 | Brazil | 138 | VL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [105] |
Immunological biomarkers | ||||||||||
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Oliveira et al. | 2008 | Brazil | 220 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [106] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Nascimento et al. | 2006 | Brazil | 1016 | VL | IC | Yes | Households | L. chagasi | Immunological biomarkers | [107] |
 Moreno et al. | 2006 | Brazil | 1604 | VL | IC | nd | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [108] |
Test evaluation | ||||||||||
 Nascimento et al. | 2005 | Brazil | 1520 | VL | IC | nd | Volunteers | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [109] |
 Braz et al. | 2002 | Brazil | 168 | VL | IC | None | Household | L. chagasi | Test evaluation | [110] |
 Caldas et al. | 2001 | Brazil | 648 | VL | IC | Yes | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [111] |
Risk factors | ||||||||||
 Corredor et al. | 1999 | Colombia | 1140 | VL | IC | None | Households | L. chagasi | Prevalence | [112] |
Indigenous | Risk factors | |||||||||
Epidemiology | ||||||||||
 Guarin et al. | 2006 | Colombia | 11 | CL | IC | None | Volunteers | L. panamensis | Immunological biomarkers | [113] |
L. amazonensis | Test evaluation | |||||||||
 Torrellas et al. | 2020 | Venezuela | 841 | CL | IC | nd | Households | L. mexicana | Prevalence | [14] |
L. braziliensis | ||||||||||
L. guyanensis | ||||||||||
 Arraes et al. | 2008 | Brazil | 130 | CL | IC | nd | Households | L. braziliensis | Prevalence | [114] |
Leishmaniasis contacts | ||||||||||
 Best et al. | 2018 | Peru | 28 | CL | IC | nd | Households | L. braziliensis | Immunological biomarkers | [115] |
Disease progression | ||||||||||
 Guedes et al. | 2021 | Brazil | 487 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [116] |
 Cunha et al. | 2020 | Brazil | 240 | VL | HIV | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Frequency | [117] |
 Orsini et al. | 2012 | Brazil | 381 | VL | HIV | nd | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [118] |
 Clemente et al. | 2014 | Brazil | 67 | VL | SOT | None | Volunteers | L. infantum | Prevalence | [119] |