Table 3 Strategies employed by researchers to detect asymptomatic Leishmania infection

1

Serological and molecular and cellular and parasitological

2

[72, 76]

2

Serological and molecular and cellular

13

[12, 18, 27, 51, 58, 63, 66, 80, 83, 85, 97, 100, 105]

3

Serological and molecular and parasitological

7

[35, 55, 61, 69, 78, 90, 119]

4

Serological and molecular

31

[11, 13, 17, 28, 32, 34, 41,42,43, 45, 46, 52,53,54, 59, 62, 64, 68, 73, 82, 86, 87, 91, 93, 95, 98, 99, 101, 108, 116,117,118]

5

Serological and cellular

14

[20, 21, 23,24,25, 29, 31, 49, 102, 103, 109,110,111,112]

6

Molecular and cellular

2

[14, 67]

7

Positive serological test(s) only

28

[22, 26, 30, 33, 36,37,38,39, 44, 47, 48, 50, 57, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 79, 81, 88, 92, 94, 96, 104, 106, 107, 114]

8

Positive molecular test(s) only

2

[41, 89]

9

Positive cellular test(s) only

5

[56, 60, 65, 113, 115]

10

Positive parasitological test only

1

[84]