Table 1 Analysis of top five metabolic pathways via MetaboAnalyst based on all identified differential metabolites in four phases

7 dpi

 Pyrimidine metabolism

8/60

2.03E−06

0.199

l-glutamine; cytidine; cytosine; uracil; deoxycytidine; deoxyuridine; thymidine; methylmalonic acid

 Nitrogen metabolism

4/39

2.65E−03

0.008

l-asparagine; l-glutamine; l-histidine; glycine

 Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

5/75

5.13E−03

0

l-asparagine; l-histidine; l-glutamine; glycine; l-proline

 Arginine and proline metabolism

5/77

5.75E−03

0.120

l-glutamine; N-acetylornithine; l-proline; N-(o)-hydroxyarginine; sarcosine

 Cyanoamino acid metabolism

2/16

2.41E−02

0

l-asparagine; glycine

14 dpi

 Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism

11/48

1.79E−05

0.511

l-serine; choline; glyceric acid; guanidoacetic acid; dimethylglycine; glycine; sarcosine; l-threonine; pyruvaldehyde; l-cysteine; hydroxyacetone

 Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

13/75

7.28E−05

0.169

l-histidine; l-glutamine; l-cysteine; glycine; l-serine; l-methionine; l-valine; l-lysine; l-leucine; l-threonine; l-tyrosine; l-proline; l-glutamic acid

 Arginine and proline metabolism

11/77

1.48E−03

0.218

l-glutamine; citrulline; l-glutamic acid; N-acetyl-l-alanine; N-acetylornithine; l-proline; N-(o)-hydroxyarginine; guanidoacetic acid; creatinine; 4-acetamidobutanoic acid; sarcosine

 Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis

6/27

1.92E−03

0.274

l-cysteine; pantothenic acid; dihydrouracil; alpha-ketoisovaleric acid; l-valine; uracil

 Pyrimidine metabolism

9/60

2.86E−03

0.174

l-glutamine; dihydrouracil; cytidine; cytosine; uracil; deoxyuridine; dihydrothymine; malonic acid; methylmalonic acid

28 dpi

 Phenylalanine metabolism

2/45

2.70E−02

0.012

4-Hydroxycinnamic acid; 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid

 Pyrimidine metabolism

2/60

4.59E−02

0.092

Uridine; uracil

 Biotin metabolism

1/11

6.23E−02

0.203

Biotin

 Caffeine metabolism

1/21

1.16E−01

0.031

Xanthine

 Sphingolipid metabolism

1/25

1.36E−01

0

Phytosphingosine

63 dpi

 Valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation

2/40

2.16E−02

0

l-isoleucine; methylmalonic acid

 Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism

2/48

3.04E−02

0.023

Betaine; l-tryptophan

 Aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis

2/75

6.85E−02

0

l-isoleucine; l-tryptophan

 Purine metabolism

2/92

9.76E−02

0.044

Xanthine; hypoxanthine

 Caffeine metabolism

1/21

1.16E−01

0.031

Xanthine