Fig. 1

Location of sampling sites in Staten Island, New York City (a) and neighborhood characteristics (b). a Buffers, shown in yellow, denote ecological neighborhoods, defined as areas within 500 m of parks, within which houses were primarily sampled. b Demographic and eco-epidemiological information which highlights the variation in tick-borne disease risk and associated risk factors for tick-borne disease across the study area. Tick density refers to the total number of nymphs per 100 m. Lyme cases are the total number of cases reported from each neighborhood from 2010 to 2016. Average household income is given in USD