Fig. 6

Neospora caninum treatment alters gut microbiota composition. a A Kruskal–Wallis H-test was performed to compare alpha microbial diversity indices and community richness among the four groups. NMDS analyses (b) reveal significant differences in the gut microbiota of mice with and without N. caninum treatment based on the weighted UniFrac distances at the genus level. Relative abundance of gut microbiota at the phylum (c) and genus (d) level. Selected direct comparison at the phylum level for Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Campylobacterota (e), and at the genus level for Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae, Adlercreutzia, and Prevotellaceae (f); graphs show relative abundance (mean ± SD; n = 5). Data were analyzed by the two-tailed Student t-test (e, f), *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001